A na-akpọ osikapa (Oryza sativa) shinkafa na hausa, osikapa na Igbo, sisun iresi na Yoruba, Riz na French na arroz rojo n’asụsụ spanish. Osikapa bụ otu n’ime nri bụ isi na Naijiria yana akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa, nke a na-eri n’ofe mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na klaasị mmekọrịta ọha na eze.
Oriri osikapa na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na Naijiria n’ihi ngbanwe nke mmasị ndị na-azụ ahịa n’ebe osikapa, mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ụbara ego na-akpata, na ime obodo ngwa ngwa. A na-esikarị ya sie ya na ofe ofe ma ọ bụ ofe akwụkwọ nri. A na-ejikwa ya akwadebe ọtụtụ efere obodo a na-eri n’ụlọ ọ bụla, ọkachasị n’oge mmemme na emume.
Otú ọ dị, mmepụta osikapa na-ada nke ọma; obodo a na-adabere na mbubata osikapa nke ihe karịrị nde tọn atọ kwa afọ, nke ihe karịrị nde US $ 480 na ụkọ ego mba ofesi.
Okirikiri ọrụ ugbo nke Naijiria na-agbanwe, na-enwewanye amụma gọọmentị na-achọ ịkwalite itinye aka na mpaghara onwe yana ịkwalite mmepụta mpaghara. Mgbalị a na-amalite igosi nsonaazụ, ka osikapa Naijiria si na nde metric tonne 3.7 dị elu na 2017 ruo nde metric tonne 4.0 na 2018.
Maka ndekọ, steeti ndị na-emepụta osikapa na Northern Nigeria bụ Kebbi, Borno, Kano, na Kaduna. Ugbu a, ihe ka ọtụtụ n’ime ndị ọrụ ugbo na-emepụta osikapa na-adabere na teknụzụ ọdịnala na-eji obere teknụzụ ntinye aka emelitere. Nkezi mkpụrụ osikapa n’otu mpaghara dị na mba ahụ dị obere ma dị n’etiti 2.0 na 3.0 t/ha ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe nke 6-8 t/ha kọrọ na atụmatụ nyocha.
Ọ dị mkpa ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enweta ụdị dị iche iche dị mma ma nwee ezi ihe ọmụma banyere ịkọ ugbo osikapa iji mụbaa mmepụta osikapa na arụpụta ihe na steeti dị iche iche na Nigeria. Nkwado na nkwalite teknụzụ mmepụta osikapa ka mma nwetara ume ọhụrụ na-eso amụma mmachi mbubata osikapa na nso nso a. Ọzọkwa, ọ kwadoro mkpa ọ dị ịkwado ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi ozi ọhụrụ gbasara omume mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ.
Oryza sativa e si n’ahịhịa ọhịa kpọpụta ya n’ụlọ Osikapa uhie ihe dị ka afọ 10,000–14,000 gara aga. Ụdị isi abụọ nke osikapa – indica (nke jupụtara na mpaghara okpomọkụ) na japonica (nke juru ebe niile na mpaghara ebe okpomọkụ na nke dị n’Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia) – ekwetaghị na e sitere na ihe omume ụlọ nke onwe. Ụdị ọzọ akọpụtara, O. glaberrima, bụ́ nke e mesịrị zụlite ezinụlọ na West Africa.
Ihe akaebe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nso nso a gosiri na ụdị osikapa Asia niile, ma indica na japonica, sitere na otu emume ụlọ nke mere 8,200–13,500 afọ gara aga na mpaghara ndagwurugwu Pearl River nke China.
Na China, ọtụtụ ihe mgbe ochie na-egosi na osimiri Yangtze etiti na nke elu Huai bụ ebe abụọ mbụ. O. sativa cultivation na obodo. Achọtala osikapa na ngwa ọrụ ugbo kemgbe opekata mpe afọ 8,000. Akụkọ ihe ọkụkụ gbasara n’osimiri ndị a n’ime afọ 2,000 sochirinụ.
Gụkwuo: Ntuziaka nzọụkwụ site na otu esi eto strawberries
Uru nri osikapa
1. Carbohydrates: Osikapa bụ isi iyi nke carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya, na-enye 75-80% starch kwa ọka. Carbohydrates ndị a, nke kachasị amylose na amylopectin, na-enye ike na-adịgide adịgide maka ọrụ anụ ahụ. Otu iko osikapa agba aja aja na-amịpụta ihe dị ka gram 45 nke carbohydrates dị mma maka ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike.
2. Fiber nri: Osikapa Brown nwere gram 3.5 nke eriri kwa iko, na-enyere aka mgbari nri na ịkwalite ahụike eriri afọ. Fiber na-enyere aka ịhazi mmegharị afọ ma na-egbochi afọ ntachi. Ọ na-akwadokwa microbiome dị mma, dị mkpa maka nnabata nri na ọrụ mgbochi.
3. Protein: Osikapa na-enye ihe dị ka protein 7%, yana osikapa agba aja aja na-enye gram 5 kwa iko. Ọ nwere amino acid dị mkpa dị ka lysine, nke na-akwado nrụzi anụ ahụ na uto. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị protein zuru oke, osikapa na-emeju ebe protein ndị ọzọ dị na nri.
4. Vitamin B mgbagwoju: Osikapa, karịsịa osikapa agba aja aja, bụ isi iyi nke vitamin B dị ka thiamine, riboflavin, na niacin. Vitamin ndị a, ihe dị ka 10-15% nke mkpa kwa ụbọchị kwa iko, na-akwado ike metabolism, ọrụ akwara, na mmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie.
5. Magnesium: Osikapa Brown na-enye 86 mg nke magnesium kwa iko, ihe dịka 20% nke ihe a chọrọ kwa ụbọchị. Magnesium na-akwado ọrụ akwara, ahụike ọkpụkpụ, na mmepụta ume. Ọ na-enyekwa aka ịchịkwa ọbara mgbali ma na-akwado ahụike obi.
6. Phosphorus: Otu iko osikapa agba aja aja na-enye 150 mg nke phosphorus, na-enyere aka mmepe ọkpụkpụ na nchekwa ike. Phosphorus na-arụ ọrụ na calcium iji mee ka ọkpụkpụ na ezé sie ike, na-eme ka osikapa bụrụ ihe oriri bara uru maka ahụ ike ọkpụkpụ.
7. Vitamin E: Osikapa Brown nwere vitamin E isoforms dị ka tocopherols na tocotrienols, na-eme dị ka antioxidants. Ndị a na-echebe mkpụrụ ndụ site na nrụgide oxidative, na otu iko na-enye obere mana bara uru iji kwado ahụike anụ ahụ na ahụ ike.
8. Gamma-Oryzanol: Achọpụtara na bran osikapa, gamma-oryzanol bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ike. Otu tablespoon nke mmanụ bran osikapa nwere ihe dịka 20 mg, na-enyere aka belata ọkwa cholesterol ma chebe megide mmebi UV, na-eme ka ahụ ike cellular zuru oke.
9. Ngwakọta phenolic: Osikapa, karịsịa ụdị pigmented dị ka osikapa ojii, nwere acid phenolic dị ka ferulic na caffeic acid. Ndị antioxidants ndị a, dị na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ, na-alụ ọgụ free radicals, na-ebelata mbufụt na ịkwado ahụike ogologo oge.
10. phytic acid: Osikapa Brown nwere phytic acid, ihe dịka 1-2% nke ịdị arọ ya, nke na-ejikọta mineral iji nyere aka detoxification. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ibelata nnabata ịnweta ịnweta, ọ na-enyekwa uru antioxidant, na-akwado nchebe cellular.
Uru ahụike nke osikapa
1. Na-akwado ahụike obi: Osikapa osikapa Brown, magnesium, na gamma-oryzanol na-ebelata ọkwa cholesterol ma melite profaịlụ lipid. Iri nri mgbe niile na-ebelata ohere nke ọrịa obi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-amụ ihe na-ebelata LDL cholesterol site na 7% mgbe ọ risịrị osikapa aja aja kwa ụbọchị maka ọnwa atọ.
Ojiji: Na-eri otu iko osikapa aja aja esiri esi kwa ụbọchị dị ka nri akụkụ ma ọ bụ na salads iji kwado ahụike obi. Jikọta na akwụkwọ nri maka agbakwunyere uru.
2. Na-enyere aka mgbaze: Ihe oriri na-eri nri na osikapa agba aja aja na-akwalite mmegharị afọ mgbe niile ma na-egbochi afọ ntachi. Ọ na-akwado microbiome eriri afọ dị mma, na-ebelata nsogbu nri nri. Onye ọrịa nwere IBS kọrọ obere mgbaàmà mgbe ọ tinyechara osikapa aja aja n’ime nri ha maka izu abụọ.
Ojiji: Rie ½ ruo 1 iko osikapa aja aja na nri ugboro 3-4 kwa izu iji meziwanye mgbaze. Gbaa mbọ hụ na ị na-eri mmiri zuru oke iji kwalite mmetụta fiber.
3. Na-achịkwa shuga ọbara: Ọdịnaya glycemic dị ala na eriri osikapa Brown na-enyere aka mee ka ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ shuga dị n’ọbara guzosie ike, bara uru maka njikwa ọrịa shuga. Onye na-arịa ọrịa shuga jisiri ike ịchịkwa glucose nke ọma ka ọ gbanweere osikapa agba aja site na osikapa ọcha ihe karịrị otu ọnwa.
Ojiji: Dochie osikapa ọcha na ¾ iko osikapa agba aja aja n’otu nri, ugboro 3-5 kwa izu, iji jikwaa shuga ọbara. Zere ịgbakwunye ofe ndị nwere shuga.
4. Na-akwado njikwa ibu: eriri dị na osikapa agba aja aja na-akwalite satiety, na-ebelata iribiga ihe ókè. Njupụta calorie ya dị ala na-enyere aka ịchịkwa ibu arọ. Onye sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe tụfuru kilogram 5 n’ime ọnwa abụọ site n’itinye osikapa agba aja aja na nri ziri ezi, na-enwe mmetụta ogologo oge.
Ojiji: Tinye ½ iko osikapa aja aja n’ime nri ehihie ma ọ bụ nri abalị kwa ụbọchị. Gwakọta ya na protein na akwụkwọ nri siri ike maka nri njuju.
5. Na-ebelata mbufụt: Ogige phenolic na gamma-oryzanol na bran osikapa nwere ihe mgbochi mkpali, na-ebelata mbufụt na-adịghị ala ala jikọtara ya na ọrịa dịka ogbu na nkwonkwo. Iri nri mgbe niile nwere ike ibelata mgbu nkwonkwo na ọzịza.
Ojiji: Jiri otu ngaji mmanụ bran osikapa na-esi nri kwa ụbọchị ma ọ bụ rie otu iko osikapa ojii ugboro 2-3 kwa izu iji belata mbufụt.
6. Na-eme ka ahụike akpụkpọ ahụ dịkwuo mma: Ihe antioxidants bran bran, dị ka ferulic acid, na-echebe megide mmebi UV ma na-akwalite ọbụna ụda anụ ahụ. A na-eji mpụta osikapa eme ihe na ịchọ mma maka hydration. Otu onye ọrụ kọrọ akpụkpọ ahụ na-egbuke egbuke ka o jisịrị mmanụ bran osikapa n’elu otu ọnwa.
Ojiji: Tinye mmanụ bran osikapa (1-2 teaspoons) na akpụkpọ kwa abalị ma ọ bụ rie ½ iko osikapa ojii ugboro 3 kwa izu maka uru anụ ahụ.
7. Na-akwalite ọrụ mgbochi ọrịa: Vitamin na antioxidants na osikapa agba aja aja, dị ka vitamin E, na-ewusi usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ site n’ịlụso nrụgide oxidative ọgụ. Nke a na-enyere aka igbochi ọrịa ma na-akwado ahụike zuru oke.
Ojiji: Tinye otu iko osikapa aja aja na nri ugboro 4-5 kwa izu. Jikọọ na nri nwere vitamin C dị ka ose mgbịrịgba iji kwalite mgbochi.
8. Na-akwalite ahụ ike ọkpụkpụ: Magnesium na phosphorus dị na osikapa na-akwado njupụta ọkpụkpụ na ike. Iri nri mgbe niile nwere ike ibelata osteoporosis, ọkachasị ndị okenye.
Ojiji: Na-eri ¾ iko osikapa agba aja aja ugboro 3-4 kwa izu, jikọtara ya na nri nwere calcium dị ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka ahụike ọkpụkpụ.
9. Na-akwado ahụike uche: osikapa agba aja aja nwere GABA, nke nwere ike ibelata nchekasị ma melite ọnọdụ. Ọ bara uru maka ahụike uche, ọkachasị maka ndị nne na-enye nwa ara.
Ojiji: Rie ½ iko osikapa agba aja aja ugboro atọ kwa izu ka nri akụkụ ma ọ bụ n’ime fries iji kwado ahụike uche.
10. Na-egbochi nrụgide Oxidative: Ụdị osikapa agba agba, dị ka osikapa ojii, bara ụba na anthocyanins, nke na-alụso radicals ọgụ, na-ebelata ohere nke ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala dị ka ọrịa kansa.
Ojiji: Tinye ½ iko osikapa ojii esiri esi na nri ugboro 2-3 kwa izu. Jiri na salads ma ọ bụ dị ka ntọala maka ọka ọkwá.
Gụkwuo: Ọrịa anụ ọkụkọ dị n’ime na nyocha ọnwụ ọnwụ
Ihe akaebe sayensị na ihe ọmụmụ gbasara osikapa
1. osikapa Brown na ahụike obi: Kazemzadeh et al.. (2014) chọpụtara na oriri osikapa agba aja aja na-ebelata ihe nrịbama ọkụ na ihe ize ndụ nke obi na ụmụ nwanyị buru ibu. Mgbe izu asatọ nke iri gram 150 nke osikapa agba aja aja kwa ụbọchị, ndị sonyere gosipụtara cholesterol LDL dị ala na profaịlụ lipid ka mma.
2. Iwu Bran Rice na Cholesterol: Burlando na Cornara (2014) gosipụtara na bran osikapa, nke nwere gamma-oryzanol, na-ebelata hypercholesterolemia nke ukwuu. N’ime ule ụlọ ọgwụ, 20 mg nke gamma-oryzanol kwa ụbọchị na-ebelata ọkwa cholesterol site na 5-10% karịa ọnwa atọ, na-akwado ahụike obi.
3. Osikapa pigmented na Ọrụ Antioxidant: Shin et al. (2024) gosiri na gbaa ụka nke nwa osikapa bran na Aspergillus ụdị ahụ mụbara ọdịnaya phenolic acid na ọrụ antioxidant. Mgbe ụbọchị atọ gachara, ọkwa protocatechuic acid bilitere nke ukwuu, na-akwalite nchebe megide nrụgide oxidative.
4. Osikapa uhie na uto ntutu: Nnyocha e mere na 2022 chọpụtara na mwepu osikapa na-acha uhie uhie (Sang-Yod) kwalitere uto ntutu site na igbochi 5α-reductase. Na 1 mg / ml, ọ na-abawanye mmụba cell matrix ntutu site na 216%, na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ FDA kwadoro dị ka minoxidil.
Ajụjụ ndị a na-ajụkarị gbasara osikapa
1. osikapa aja aja ọ dị mma karịa osikapa ọcha?
Osikapa Brown na-ejigide akwa bran ya, na-enye ọtụtụ eriri, vitamin, na mineral karịa osikapa ọcha, nke a na-egbu maramara. Ọ na-akwado ahụike obi, mgbari nri, na ịchịkwa shuga ọbara.
2. osikapa nwere ike inye aka na ibu ibu?
Ee, nnukwu eriri osikapa agba aja aja na-akwalite satiety, na-ebelata iribiga ihe ókè. Iri ½ iko kwa ụbọchị na nri kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike inye aka njikwa ibu.
3. Osikapa ọ dị mma maka ndị nwere ọrịa celiac?
Osikapa bụ enweghị gluten n’ezie, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhọrọ magburu onwe ya maka ndị nwere ọrịa celiac ma ọ bụ ndị nwere uche.
4. Kedu ka osikapa ojii si erite uru ahụike?
Osikapa ojii bara ụba na anthocyanins, antioxidants nke na-ebelata mbufụt na nrụgide oxidative. Ọ na-akwado ahụike obi na anụ ahụ mgbe a na-eri nri mgbe niile.
5. osikapa nwere ike ịkpata allergies?
Ọrịa osikapa na-adịkarị ụkọ mana enwere ike. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnweta afọ ntachi ma ọ bụ mgbaka. Kpọtụrụ dọkịta ma ọ bụrụ na mgbaàmà emee mgbe ị risịrị nri.
6. Ole osikapa ole ka m ga-eri kwa ụbọchị?
Ịnye ½ ruo 1 iko osikapa esi nri kwa ụbọchị, ọkachamma ụdị agba aja aja ma ọ bụ nke nwere pigmenti, na-enye uru nri na-enweghị kalori gabiga ókè.
7. Mmanụ bran osikapa nwere uru ahụike?
Ee, mmanụ bran osikapa nwere gamma-oryzanol, nke na-ebelata cholesterol ma na-echebe megide mmebi UV. Jiri 1-2 tablespoons esi nri kwa ụbọchị.
8. osikapa nwere ike ime ka ahụike dịkwuo mma?
Ahịhịa osikapa na mpụta, bara ụba na ferulic acid, hydrate ma na-egbuke egbuke akpụkpọ. Tinye mmanụ bran osikapa n’elu ma ọ bụ na-eri osikapa ojii mgbe niile.
Ị nwere ajụjụ, ntụnye ma ọ bụ onyinye ọ bụla? Ọ bụrụ otu a, biko nweere onwe gị iji igbe nkọwa n’okpuru kesaa echiche gị. Anyị na-agbakwa gị ume ka ị jiri obiọma kesaa ozi a n’etiti ndị ọzọ nwere ike irite uru na ya. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ike ịgakwuru onye ọ bụla ozugbo, anyị nwere ekele maka enyemaka gị n’ịgbasa okwu ahụ. Daalụ nke ukwuu maka nkwado gị na maka ịkekọrịta!
Nkwuputa: Edemede a bụ naanị maka ebumnuche nkuzi na ozi. Uru ahụike akọwara sitere na nyocha sayensị na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. Ha abụghị ndị nọchiri anya ndụmọdụ ahụike ọkachamara, nyocha, ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ. Gakwuru onye ọkachamara ahụike mgbe niile tupu iji ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ eke maka ebumnuche ahụike.