Black willow (Salix nigra) bụ osisi na-egbu egbu nke sitere na North America. Ejila ogbugbo na akwụkwọ ya na ọgwụ ọdịnala maka ihe nwere ike ịgwọ ya. Osisi ahụ nwere salicin, ihe dị ka aspirin, nke na-enye ya mmetụta mgbochi mkpali na mgbochi mgbu..
A na-ejikarị ogbugbo na akwụkwọ eme teas, tinctures, na wepụ maka ọnọdụ dị ka isi ọwụwa, ahụ ọkụ, na obere ihe mgbu..
Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n’obi na iji willow ojii maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ kwesịrị ime n’okpuru nduzi kwesịrị ekwesị, n’ihi na iji na-ezighị ezi nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ọjọọ. Gakwuru onye ọkachamara ahụike mgbe niile tupu ị na-eji ọgwụ ahịhịa ọ bụla.
Nkọwa botanical nke Black willow
1. Ndụ: Black willow (Salix nigra) bụ osisi na-amị amị, nke ejiri ọkara ya na nnukwu nha mara, na-erukarị elu 30 ruo 60 ụkwụ. Ọ nwere ọdịdị pụrụiche, dị gịrịgịrị, nwere okpueze na-adịkarị ogologo ma dị warara.
2. Akwukwo na akwukwo: Akwụkwọ nke Black willow nwere ọdịdị lance ma nwee akụkụ ya nke ọma. Ha na-adịkarị ogologo na warara, na-enye osisi ahụ ọmarịcha na ọdịdị mara mma. Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-atụgharị na-acha odo odo n’oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ tupu ịwụfu maka oge oyi.
3. ogbugbo na ogwe: Ogbugbo nke Black willow na-agba aja aja ruo oji, na-agbaji nke ukwuu, ma nwee ike ịmalite ọdịdị siri ike na afọ. Ogwe osisi na-adịkarị ogologo, ọ bụ ezie na osisi ndị na-eto eto nwere ike inwe ọdịdị na-adịghị mma. Nchikota nke ogbugbo gbara ọchịchịrị na akwụkwọ dị gịrịgịrị bụ ihe dị iche iche nke ụdị a.
4. Ifuru na mmeputakwa: Black willow bụ dioecious, nke pụtara na osisi ọ bụla bụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Ná mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi, tupu akwụkwọ apụta, osisi na-emepụta catkins. Akpụkpọ anụ nwoke na-ahapụ pollen, na catkins nwanyị, ozugbo fatịlaịza, na-etolite n’ime obere capsules nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ.
Nkesa ala nke Black willow
1. Oke eke: Black willow sitere n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ North America, nke a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara mmiri dị ka swamps, akụkụ osimiri, na ala idei mmiri. Ọ nwere mmasị maka ebe nwere ala na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe niile.
2. Mmasị ihu igwe: Osisi a na-eto eto na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-adaba nke ọma na mpaghara nwere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. Ọ nwere ike ịnagide idei mmiri site n’oge ruo n’oge, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n’akụkụ akụkụ osimiri yana n’ebe ndị na-enwekarị oke mmiri n’oge.
3. Nkwekọrịta ala: Black willow na-eme mgbanwe nke ukwuu maka ụdị ala dị iche iche, gụnyere ụrọ, loam na ala aja. Ikike ha ito eto n’ọnọdụ mmiri juru na-atụnye aka na mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi ha n’ikwado usoro ihe ndị dị n’ime ala mmiri.
4. Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi: E wezụga oke ala ya, a kụrụ Black willow n’ọtụtụ ebe iji chịkwaa mbuze n’akụkụ mmiri. Usoro mgbọrọgwụ ya buru ibu na-enyere aka igbochi mbuze nke ala, osisi ahụ na-enyekwa ebe obibi dị mkpa maka ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche.
Ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke Black willow
1. Ọdịnaya Salicin: Black willow bara ụba na salicin, ihe okike yiri aspirin. Salicin nwere ihe mgbochi mkpali na analgesic, na-eme ka osisi ahụ bụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme bara uru na ọgwụ ọdịnala maka enyemaka mgbu.
2. Tannin: N’ụgbụgbọ nke Black willow nwere tannins, nke na-enye aka na njirimara astringent. Tannins na-ekere òkè n’ichebe osisi megide herbivores na pathogens ma jiri ya mee ihe na usoro tanning.
3. Flavonoids: A maara willow ojii nwere flavonoids, nke nwere ihe ndị na-egbochi ya. Ngwakọta ndị a na-enye aka na ahụ ike nke osisi ahụ dum ma nwee ike ịnweta uru mgbe etinyere ya na ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa.
4. Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi: Ngwakọta kemịkalụ nke Black Willow nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe osisi ahụ na-enyere aka ịkwalite ogo mmiri na mpaghara mmiri. Ọ na-enyere aka na phytoremediation nke mmetọ ma na-enye aka na ahụike zuru oke nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.
Uru nri nke Black willow
1. Salicin: Glycoside nwere njikọ chiri anya na salicylic acid, salicin bụ ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ogbugbo Black Willow. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-ebelata ihe mgbu na ihe mgbochi mkpali, dị ka aspirin, na-enyere aka ibelata isi ọwụwa, mgbu nkwonkwo, na mgbu ahụ.
2. Tannin: Ogige polyphenolic ndị a nwere ihe astringent, nke nwere ike inye aka belata mbufụt ma mee ka mgbakasị ahụ dị nro mgbe etinyere ya n’elu. Ha na-akwado ọgwụgwọ ọnya site n’ịkwalite mkpụkọ anụ ahụ.
3. Flavonoids: Osisi willow ojii nwere flavonoids, nke bụ antioxidants na-enyere aka ịlụso nrụgide oxidative ọgụ na ahụ, nwere ike ichebe mkpụrụ ndụ pụọ na mmebi nke radicals efu kpatara.
4. Phenolic acid: Ogige ndị a na-eme ka ogbugbo na-egbochi mkpali na mmetụta antimicrobial, na-akwado iji ya na-agwọ obere ọnyá na ọnọdụ akpụkpọ ahụ.
5. Mmanụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe: N’ịbụ ndị dị na obere ego, mmanụ ndị a nwere ike inye ọgwụ antiseptik dị nro, na-enyere aka igbochi ọrịa mgbe ejiri ya na poultices ma ọ bụ infusions.
6. mineral (Calcium, Magnesium): Chọpụta ọnụọgụ nke mineral dị ka calcium na magnesium n’ime ogbugbo nwere ike ịkwado ahụike zuru oke, karịsịa n’ịkwado ọrụ ọkpụkpụ na anụ ahụ mgbe ejiri ya dị ka tii.
7. Polyphenols: Ogige ndị a nwere akụrụngwa antioxidant, nke nwere ike inye aka belata mbufụt ma kwado ahụike obi site na ichebe arịa ọbara site na mmebi oxidative.
8. Glycosides (ọ bụghị Salicin): Glycosides ndị ọzọ na ogbugbo ojii nke Black willow nwere ike ime ka ahụ ọkụ na-ebelata ya na mmetụta analgesic, na-eme ka salicin na-arụ ọrụ.
9. Lignan: Ogige ndị a nwere mmetụta antioxidant dị nro na mgbochi mkpali, nwere ike ịkwado nchebe anụ ahụ megide mbufụt na-adịghị ala ala.
10. Organic acid: Organic acid dị n’ụgbụgbọ na-enye aka na mmetụta diuretic dị nro, nke nwere ike ịkwalite mmụba mmamịrị ma kwado ahụike urinary tract.
Gụkwuo: Uru ahụike 15 nke Tetraneuris linearifolia (Linearleaf four-nerve daisy)
Uru ahụike ọgwụ nke Black willow (Salix nigra)
1. Mgbochi mgbu: Black willow nwere salicin, ihe sitere n’okike nke nwere ike inye aka belata mgbu na mbufụt. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n’otu aka ahụ na aspirin, na-eme ka ọ baa uru maka ibelata ụdị mgbu dị iche iche, dị ka isi ọwụwa, ahụ mgbu na nkwonkwo. Ịṅụ tii nke e ji ogbugbo willow ojii mee nwere ike inye ahụ efe pụọ n’isi ọwụwa.
2. Mbelata ahụ ọkụ: Ọdịnaya salicin dị na willow ojii nwere mmetụta antipyretic, nke pụtara na ọ nwere ike inye aka belata ahụ ọkụ site na ibelata okpomọkụ ahụ. Ejirila ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme iji jikwaa ọnọdụ ahụ ọkụ. Iri infusion nke akwụkwọ willow ojii nwere ike inye aka n’ibelata ahụ ọkụ jikọtara ya na oyi nkịtị.
3. Mmetụta mgbochi mkpali: Ogige ojii willow nwere ihe mgbochi mkpali, na-eme ka ọ baa uru maka ọnọdụ ndị metụtara mbufụt, dị ka ogbu na nkwonkwo ma ọ bụ nkwonkwo fụrụ akpụ. Itinye n’akpa uwe e ji ogbugbo willow ojii mee nwere ike inye aka belata mbufụt na mgbu nke nkwonkwo ụkwụ gbajiri agbaji.
4. Antiseptik dị nro: Tannins dị na willow ojii nwere mmetụta antiseptik dị nro nke nwere ike inye aka sachapụ ma kpochapụ obere ọnya ma ọ bụ mbepụ. Iji ịsa ogbugbo willow ojii na obere ọnya nwere ike inye aka n’igbochi ọrịa.
5. Enyemaka mgbari nri: Black willow nwere ike ime ka ahụ dị jụụ na sistemu nri nri ma nwee ike inye aka n’ibelata ahụ erughị ala afọ ma ọ bụ nsogbu eriri afọ. Ịṅụ mmanya willow ojii agbazere nwere ike inye aka belata iwe iwe.
6. Enyemaka isi ọwụwa: N’ihi ọdịnaya salicin ya, willow ojii nwere ike ịdị irè n’ibelata oke isi ọwụwa, gụnyere isi ọwụwa na migraines. Itinye mpikota onu nke etinyere na tii willow ojii n’egedege ihu nwere ike inye aka belata isi ọwụwa na-egbu mgbu.
7. Njikwa Rheumatism: Njirimara mgbochi mkpali nke Black willow nwere ike inye aka karịsịa maka ijikwa mgbaàmà nke rheumatism, gụnyere mgbu nkwonkwo na isi ike. Iri ihe ewepụtara black willow mgbe niile nwere ike inye ahụ efe maka ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa rheumatism na-adịghị ala ala.
8. Mgbu ịhụ nsọ: Mmetụta analgesic na mgbochi mkpali nke black willow nwere ike inye aka mee ka ahụ mgbu nke ịhụ nsọ na ahụ erughị ala. Ịṅụ tii willow ojii n’oge ị na-ahụ nsọ nwere ike inye ahụ efe pụọ n’ọria na-egbu mgbu.
Ụzọ eji eme ihe iji nweta uru ahụike ahụike enyere nke Black willow (Salix nigra)
1. Mgbochi mgbu: Kwadebe tii ogbugbo willow ojii site n’isi 1-2 teaspoons nke ogbugbo willow ojii a mịrị amị n’ime otu iko mmiri ihe dị ka nkeji iri na ise. Gbanyụọ ma ṅụọ ya mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ. Were tii a ugboro 2-3 n’ụbọchị iji nyere aka belata mgbu, dị ka isi ọwụwa, ahụ mgbu, ma ọ bụ ahụ erughị ala nkwonkwo.
2. Mbelata ahụ ọkụ: Kpoo teaspoons 1-2 nke akwụkwọ willow ojii mịrị amị n’ime otu iko mmiri ọkụ maka nkeji 10-15. Gbanyụọ ma ṅụọ infusion. Na-aṅụ tii ugboro ole na ole n’ụbọchị iji nyere aka belata ahụ ọkụ. Jikọta ya na izu ike na hydration maka nsonaazụ kacha mma.
3. Mmetụta mgbochi mkpali: Mepụta poultice site n’ịgwakọta ogbugbo willow ojii e gwepịara egwepịa na mmiri ka ọ bụrụ mado. Tinye tapawa ozugbo na mpaghara ọkụ. Jiri poultice mee ka ọ dị mfe mbufụt na mgbu nke ọnọdụ dị ka ogbu na nkwonkwo kpatara. Hapụ ya maka nkeji 15-20 wee sachaa ya.
4. Antiseptik dị nro: Sie ntakịrị ogbugbo willow ojii n’ime mmiri iji mepụta decoction. Mee ka ọ dị jụụ, wee jiri decoction hichaa obere ọnya ma ọ bụ mbepụ. Jiri nwayọọ tinye decoction jụrụ oyi n’ebe ọ metụtara iji nyere aka kpochapụ ma gbochie ọrịa.
5. Enyemaka mgbari nri: Tinye 1-2 teaspoons nke akwụkwọ ojii willow a mịrị amị n’ime otu iko mmiri ọkụ maka nkeji 10-15. Gbanyụọ ma ṅụọ tii ahụ. Na-eri tii ma e risịrị nri iji nyere aka mee ka usoro nri digestive kwụsị ma belata ahụ erughị ala afọ.
6. Enyemaka isi ọwụwa: Wunye akwa dị ọcha n’ime tii ojii siri ike, kpochapụ mmiri mmiri gafere, ma tinye akwa ahụ n’egedege ihu gị. Dina ala n’ime ụlọ dị jụụ, gbara ọchịchịrị na akwa n’egedege ihu gị iji nyere aka belata mgbu isi ọwụwa.
7. Njikwa Rheumatism: Kwadebe tincture ojii site n’itinye ogbugbo willow ojii gbajiri agbaji n’ime mmanya maka izu ole na ole. Gbanyụọ ma jiri ntakịrị tụlee nke a gwakọtara na mmiri. Were tincture kwa ụbọchị iji nyere aka ịchịkwa mgbaàmà nke rheumatism, dị ka mgbu nkwonkwo na isi ike.
8. Mgbu ịhụ nsọ: Mepụta tii willow ojii siri ike site n’itinye akwụkwọ mịrị amị ruo ogologo oge. Gbanyụọ ma ṅụọ tii ahụ. Iri tii n’oge nsọ nsọ iji nyere aka belata mgbu na ahụ erughị ala.
Mmetụta dị n’iji Black willow na-agwọ ọrịa
1. Mmeghachi omume nfụkasị ahụ: Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe nfụkasị na salicylates, ogige ndị dị na black willow. Mmeghachi omume nfụkasị ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ọzịza akpụkpọ, itching, ọzịza, na ike iku ume.
2. Iwe iwe: Ọdịnaya salicin dị na willow ojii nwere ike kpasuo eriri afọ iwe, nke nwere ike ibute ahụ erughị ala afọ, gụnyere afọ iwe, ọgbụgbọ, vomiting, na afọ ọsịsa.
3. Mmekọrịta na ọgwụ: Willow ojii nwere salicin, nke yiri aspirin. Nke a nwere ike iduga mmekọrịta ya na ọgwụ ndị na-ebelata ọbara, ọgwụ ndị na-adịghị steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs), na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta mkpụkọ ọbara.
4. Ime na inye ara: Ndị dị ime na ndị na-enye nwa ara kwesịrị izere iji willow ojii n’ihi ihe egwu nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu, dị ka ọbara ọgbụgba na imerụ nwa ebu n’afọ na-eto eto.
5. Ụmụaka: E kwesịghị inye ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 16 black willow, n’ihi na ọ nwere ike ịbawanye ohere nke ọrịa Reyes, ọnọdụ dị ụkọ ma dị njọ na-emetụta ụbụrụ na imeju.
6. Ọbara eriri afọ: Dị ka aspirin, iji nwa willow gabiga ókè nwere ike ịbawanye ohere nke ọbara ọgbụgba afọ, ọkachasị ndị nwere ọnya ọnya ma ọ bụ nsogbu ọbara ọgbụgba.
7. Okwu gbasara akụrụ: Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè nke willow ojii nwere ike imebi akụrụ, na-ebute nsogbu akụrụ, karịsịa na ndị mmadụ nwere ọnọdụ akụrụ dịbu adị.
8. Mmekọrịta ọgwụ: Ọdịnaya salicin willow ojii nwere ike iji ọgwụ dị iche iche emekọrịta ihe, gụnyere ọgwụ mgbochi ọbara, ọgwụ antiplatelet, na ahịhịa ụfọdụ, na-abawanye ohere nke ọbara ọgbụgba na nsogbu ndị ọzọ.
Gụkwuo: Uru ahụike ọgwụ 7 nke ilu melon (Momordica charantia)
Nnyocha sayensị na ọmụmụ nke Black willow
1. Salicin na enyemaka mgbu: Ihe omumu nke Chrubasik et al. (2001) enyochala ịdị irè nke mkpopụta ogbugbo willow (nwere salicin) maka ịgwọ mgbu azụ dị ala. Nnwale a na-achịkwa nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa chọpụtara na ọgwụ willow kwa ụbọchị na-enye 240 mg nke salicin belatara ihe mgbu ma e jiri ya tụnyere placebo, na-egosipụta ịdị irè ya.
2. Mmetụta mgbochi ultimoflammatory: Nyocha site na Nguyen et al. (2021) nyochaa mmetụta mgbochi mkpali nke ụdị ụdị Salix, gụnyere Salix nigra, in vitro. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosiri na mwepu nke ogbugbo Black Willow belatara ndị ogbugbo mkpali na sel mmadụ nke SARS-CoV-2 peptides na LPS kpalitere, na-atụ aro uru ndị nwere ike iji belata mbufụt na ọnọdụ dị ka ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo ma ọ bụ nje virus.
3. Ihe mgbochi nje megide ịba ọcha n’anya C: Ahmed et al. (2023) nyochara ihe mgbochi nje nke Salix nigra wepụ megide nje ịba ọcha n’anya C (HCV) na ahịrị sel Hep G2. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ethyl acetate na n-hexane extracts nke ogbugbo Black Willow gosipụtara ọrụ mgbochi HCV dị ịrịba ama na mkpokọta na-adịghị egbu egbu, na-egosi ikike dị ka ụzọ dị ọnụ ahịa maka ọgwụgwọ ọrịa nje.
4. Mmetụta cytotoxic: Dị ka Ahmed si kwuo et al. (2016), mpụta methanol nke Salix nigra gosipụtara mmetụta cytotoxic na-adabere na ntinye uche megide shrimp brine, na-atụ aro ihe nwere ike igbochi kansa. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-akọwapụta ogige bioactive nke ogbugbo dị ka nkwa maka nyocha ọzọ na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa cancer.
5. Antioxidant na mgbochi ịka nká nwere ike ime: Ọmụmụ 2024 nke Ahn et al. (2024) nyochara polyphenols na Salix chaenomeloides, ụdị willow metụtara ya, mana nchoputa ahụ dị mkpa na Salix nigra n’ihi profaịlụ kemịkalụ yiri ya. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosipụtara na ogige ndị a na-ebelata mmetụta ịka nká akpụkpọ site na mmebi anyanwụ na mbufụt ka ha na-akwalite ọrụ antioxidant na fibroblasts dermal mmadụ, na-atụ aro nwere ike ịchọ mma na ngwa ọgwụgwọ.
Akpachara anya na ndụmọdụ nchekwa na iji ahịhịa ahịhịa willow ojii
1. Ndụmọdụ na ndị ọkachamara nlekọta ahụike: Tupu iji Black willow maka ebumnuche ọgwụ, ọ dị mkpa ịkpọtụrụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike. Ha nwere ike ịnye ndụmọdụ ahaziri onwe ha dabere na ọnọdụ ahụike onye ọ bụla, mmekọrịta nwere ike ime, yana usoro onunu kwesiri ekwesi.
2. Nnwale allergies: N’ihi ọnụnọ salicylates na Black Willow, ndị nwere aspirin allergies kwesịrị ịkpachara anya. A na-atụ aro ịnwale ihe nfụkasị ahụ tupu iji ngwaahịa ọ bụla ewepụtara na Black Willow iji zere mmeghachi omume ọjọọ.
3. Atụmatụ usoro onunu ogwu: Akpachara anya maka nchekwa gụnyere iji nlezianya tụlee usoro onunu ogwu. Iri oke nke Black willow nwere ike ibute nsi salicylate, nke nwere ike ibute mgbaàmà dịka ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, na ahụ erughị ala afọ.
4. Izere nchọpụta onwe onye: Ọ dị mkpa iji zere nyocha onwe onye na ndenye ọgwụ. Black Willow, dị ka osisi ọgwụ ọ bụla, kwesịrị iji ya mee ihe n’okpuru nduzi nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike nwere ike ịchọpụta na ọ dabara maka nsogbu ahụike.
Ajụjụ gbasara ahịhịa ahịhịa willow ojii
1. Enwere ike iji Black willow mee ihe maka enyemaka mgbu?
Ee, a na-eji Black Willow eme ihe n’ọdịnala maka enyemaka mgbu n’ihi ọdịnaya salicin ya, nke bụ ihe na-ebute aspirin. Otú ọ dị, a na-atụ aro ka gị na onye ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike na-akpakọrịta maka usoro ọgwụgwọ na nchekwa kwesịrị ekwesị.
2. Enwere mmetụta ọ bụla mara nke iji Black willow?
Iji Black willow nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ ihe ndị sitere na ya nwere ike ibute nsi salicylate, na-ebute mgbaàmà dị ka ọgbụgbọ na ahụ erughị ala nke eriri afọ. Mmeghachi omume nfụkasị ahụ nwekwara ike ime, karịsịa maka ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmetụta na salicylates.
3. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ime nwere ike iji black willow maka nchịkwa mgbu?
A na-adụ ndị inyom dị ime ọdụ ka ha na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ha kpọtụrụ tupu ha ejiri Black Willow, dịka nchọpụta ụfọdụ na-egosi ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ime, karịsịa n’oge ụfọdụ nke ime ime.
4. Black willow ọ dị mma maka ụmụaka?
Ojiji Black willow na ụmụaka kwesịrị iji nlezianya bịakwute ya. A na-atụ aro ka gị na onye dọkịta na-ahụ maka ụmụaka kpọtụrụ tupu ị na-enye ụdị ọ bụla nke Black Willow maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ na ụmụaka.
Ị nwere ajụjụ, ntụnye ma ọ bụ onyinye ọ bụla? Ọ bụrụ otu a, biko nweere onwe gị iji igbe nkọwa n’okpuru kesaa echiche gị. Anyị na-agbakwa gị ume ka ị jiri obiọma kesaa ozi a n’etiti ndị ọzọ nwere ike irite uru na ya. Ebe ọ bụ na anyị enweghị ike ịgakwuru onye ọ bụla ozugbo, anyị nwere ekele maka enyemaka gị n’ịgbasa okwu ahụ. Daalụ nke ukwuu maka nkwado gị na maka ịkekọrịta!
Nkwuputa: Edemede a bụ naanị maka ebumnuche nkuzi na ozi. Uru ahụike akọwara sitere na nyocha sayensị na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. Ha abụghị ndị nọchiri anya ndụmọdụ ahụike ọkachamara, nyocha, ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ. Gakwuru onye ọkachamara ahụike mgbe niile tupu iji ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ eke maka ebumnuche ahụike.
Gụkwuo: Otu esi enweta ego site na mkpofu: Atụmatụ na aghụghọ