The power transmission system represents the final stage of engine-generated power before it reaches the wheels. This system couples the engine and wheels, driving and adjusting the output shaft rotation to achieve a desired speed/torque ratio.
It enables a wider range of speeds and enhances performance for agricultural tasks. The transmission, a speed-reducing mechanism equipped with multiple gears, consists of a sequence of gears and shafts that transmit engine power to the tractor wheels.
Various devices within the system facilitate forward and backward movement, adapting to diverse field conditions. The complete path of power from the engine to the wheels is known as the power train.
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Functions of the Power Transmission System in Tractors
The power transmission system serves critical purposes in tractor operation:
- Transmits power from the engine to the rear wheels of the tractor.
- Provides reduced speed to the rear wheels.
- Alters the ratio of wheel speed to engine speed to match field conditions.
- Transfers power through a right-angle drive, as the crankshaft and rear axle are typically positioned at right angles.
Components of the Tractor Power Transmission Line
The major components of a transmission system include:
- Clutch
- Transmission gears
- Differential
- Final drive
Clutch and Fluid Coupling in Agricultural Tractors
The clutch, a vital device, connects and disconnects the tractor engine from the transmission gears and drive wheels. It transmits power through friction between driving and driven members.
Necessity of a Clutch in Tractor Operations
The clutch is essential for several reasons:
- Enables easy engine cranking by disconnecting the engine from the transmission system. After starting, the clutch engages to transmit power to the gearbox.
- Allows gear changes by isolating the gearbox from engine power, preventing gear tooth damage and ensuring smooth engagement.
- Permits stopping the belt pulley in the field without halting the engine.
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Essential Features of an Effective Tractor Clutch
A high-quality clutch exhibits:
- Strong load-handling ability without dragging or chattering.
- High capacity to transmit maximum power without slipping.
- Friction surfaces highly resistant to heat effects.
- Easy control via hand or pedal lever.
Types of Clutches Used in Tractors
Clutches are categorized as:
1. Friction Clutch in Tractor Applications
The friction clutch generates gripping action through frictional force between two surfaces pressed together to transmit power.
During engine startup, the clutch pedal is depressed. After starting, the pedal is gradually released to increase pressure for power transmission to the rear wheels.
Heavy springs in the housing provide this pressure, ensuring smooth engagement and disengagement due to the large friction surface area.
2. Dog Clutch in Agricultural Machinery
The dog clutch, featuring square jaws, drives a shaft in either direction. It is commonly used in power tillers.
Transmission Gears for Tractor Performance
A tractor engine operates at high speed, but the rear wheels require power at low speed with high torque. A gearbox fitted between the engine and rear wheels reduces engine speed and increases torque.
Suitable gear and shaft designs provide variable torque and speed, with multiple gear ratios to accommodate diverse field conditions.
Differential Unit and Final Drive in Tractors
The differential unit, a specialized gear arrangement, allows one rear wheel to rotate slower or faster than the other. During turns on curved paths, the inner wheel travels a shorter distance, requiring differential action. The output shaft from the gearbox features a bevel pinion at its end.
Differential Drive and Lock Mechanism
The differential lock joins both half axles, ensuring both wheels move at the same speed and apply equal traction, aiding the tractor in escaping mud or low-resistance conditions.
Final Drive in Power Transmission
The final drive, a gear reduction unit in the power train, is positioned between the differential and drive wheels. It transmits power to the rear axle and wheels, ensuring efficient operation in agricultural tasks.
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