Umhlonyane omnandi (Artemisia annua) isitshalo somuthi esinomlando ocebile wokusetshenziswa kwendabuko emasikweni ahlukahlukene ekwelapheni imfiva, umalaleveva, nezinye izifo..
Izitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwelashweni kwesimanje kusekutholakaleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwe-artemisinin, isakhi esiguqule ukwelapha kamalaleveva. Nansi incazelo enemininingwane ye-sweet wormwood:
Igama Lesayensi: Artemisia annua
Umndeni: I-Asteraceae (Compositae)
I-Sweet wormwood isitshalo saminyaka yonke esidabuka e-Asia, kuhlanganise ne-China kanye nezingxenye ze-Southeast Asia. Ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezipholile futhi ivame ukutholakala emhlabathini ongenawo amanzi.
Lesi sitshalo singakhula sifike ku-2 kuya ku-3 wamafidi ubude.Amaqabunga omhlonyane omnandi aluhlaza, ahlukene kahle, futhi anezimpaphe ngokubukeka. Zinephunga elimnandi futhi zikhipha iphunga elimnandi, elimnandi lapho zichotshozwa.
Lesi sitshalo sikhiqiza izimbali ezincane, eziphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani eziqoqwe kuma-terminal panicles. Izimbali azibonakali uma ziqhathaniswa namaqabunga ahlukile.Ngemva kokuqhakaza, umhlonyane omnandi ukhiqiza izithelo ezincane, ezomile eziqukethe imbewu encane.
Inhlanganisela ebaluleke kakhulu etholakala ku-sweet wormwood i-artemisinin. Le sesquiterpene lactone inesibopho sezitshalo ezilwa nomalaleveva.
Umhlonyane omnandi nawo uqukethe ama-flavonoid ahlukahlukene, aziwa nge-antioxidant yawo kanye nemiphumela engaba khona yokuthuthukisa impilo.
Umhlonyane usetshenziswe amakhulu eminyaka emithini yendabuko yamaShayina ukwelapha umkhuhlane kanye nomalaleveva. Nokho, amandla ayo angempela avuleka lapho usosayensi waseShayina u-Tu Youyou ehlukanisa i-artemisinin esitshalweni ngawo-1970, okuholela empumelelweni yokwelapha umalaleveva.
I-Artemisinin kanye nokuphuma kwayo sekuphenduke izingxenye ezibalulekile zemithi yokwelapha esekwe ku-artemisinin (ACTs), manje esetuswa kabanzi yiNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) ekwelapheni umalaleveva..
Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zithuthukise kakhulu ukwelashwa kamalaleveva futhi zibe nomthelela ekwehliseni ukufa okuhlobene nomalaleveva emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaphandle komalaleveva, i-sweet wormwood kanye ne-artemisinin zibonise umsebenzi wokulwa nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, nakuba ucwaningo lusaqhubeka kule ndawo.
Incazelo Yezitshalo Yomhlonyane Omnandi
1. Izici Zeqabunga: I-Sweet Wormwood, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Artemisia annua, inamaqabunga ahlukile afana ne-fern futhi anephunga elimnandi. Amaqabunga aphina, okusho ukuthi ahlukene ngokujulile, okwenza lesi sitshalo sibe nokubukeka okuhle nokunezimpaphe. Umbala oluhlaza kanye nesakhiwo samaqabunga esiyingqayizivele sinomthelela ekuqapheleni kwawo.
2. Ubude Nephethini Yokukhula: Ngokuya ngosayizi, iSweet Wormwood ngokuvamile ikhula ifike kubude obungamafidi angu-2 ukuya kwangu-3 (60 kuya ku-90 cm). Lesi sitshalo sinomkhuba wokukhula oqondile oneziqu eziningi eziphuma endaweni emaphakathi, zakha isakhiwo esinamagatsha futhi esinamagatsha.
3. Izimbali Nezimbali: I-Sweet Wormwood ikhiqiza izimbali ezincane, eziphuzi ezingacacile ezihlelwe ngamaqoqo. I-inflorescence, noma ingxenye eqhakazayo yesitshalo, iyi-panicle, lapho izimbali ezincane ziminyene eziqwini zamagatsha. Izimbali zinomthelela ebuhleni jikelele besitshalo.
4. Izimfanelo Ezimnandi: Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ze-Sweet Wormwood iphunga layo elimnandi elimnandi. Amaqabunga nezimbali zikhipha iphunga elimnandi lapho zichotshozwa, okwenza kubonakale kalula. Le khwalithi enephunga elimnandi ibangelwa ukuba khona kwamafutha abalulekile ngaphakathi kwesitshalo.
Ukuqonda incazelo yesayensi ye-Sweet Wormwood kubeka isisekelo sokuqaphela nokwazisa izici zayo ezihlukile kuma-ecosystem ahlukahlukene.
Ukusabalalisa Kwendawo Yomhlonyane Omnandi
1. Indawo yokuhlala yomdabu: I-Sweet Wormwood itholakala ezindaweni ezipholile zase-Asia, ikakhulukazi e-China nasezingxenyeni ezithile zaseSiberia. Ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi ongenamanzi kanye nesimo sezulu esipholile, okubonisa ukuguquguquka kwezimo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene.
2. Ukusabalala Kwembulunga yonke: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, I-Sweet Wormwood yethulwe futhi yenziwa ngokwemvelo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Ingatholakala eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, nakwezinye izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo lapho ijwayelane nemvelo yendawo.
3. Ukutshalwa Kwezinjongo Zokwelapha: Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokwelapha, I-Sweet Wormwood itshalwa ezifundeni ezahlukene ngaphandle kwendawo yayo yendabuko. Amazwe afana neMadagascar, Vietnam, kanye neKenya azibandakanya ekutshalweni kweSweet Wormwood ukuze kukhishwe i-artemisinin, inhlanganisela enezinto ezinamandla zokulwa nomalaleveva.
4. Okuthandwayo Kwemvelo: I-Sweet Wormwood ikhombisa ukuthanda izindawo zokuhlala eziphazamisekile, ezivame ukuchuma ezindaweni ezinomhlaba ophazamisekile noma ngaseceleni kwemigwaqo. Ikhono layo lokuhlanganisa izindawo ezinjalo linomthelela ekusabalaleni kwayo kabanzi.
Ukuqonda ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo ye-Sweet Wormwood kunikeza imininingwane mayelana nokuvumelana nezimo kanye nemizamo yomhlaba wonke yokuyihlakulela nokuyisebenzisela izinjongo zokwelapha.
Ukwakheka Kwekhemikhali Komhlonyane Omnandi
1. I-Artemisinin: Inhlanganisela eyinhloko neyaziwa kakhulu ku-Sweet Wormwood yi-artemisinin. Le sesquiterpene lactone iyisakhi esibalulekile esibhekele izakhiwo zokulwa nomalaleveva. I-Artemisinin ibe impumelelo ebalulekile ekwelapheni umalaleveva, ibe negalelo elikhulu emizamweni yezempilo yomhlaba wonke.
2. Amafutha Abalulekile: I-Sweet Wormwood iqukethe amafutha abalulekile, okuhlanganisa i-cineole, i-camphor, ne-borneol, anikela ezimfanelweni zayo ezinephunga elimnandi. Lawa mafutha awagcini nje ngokunika isitshalo iphunga laso elihlukile kodwa futhi anemisebenzi yokwelapha engase ibe khona.
3. Ama-Flavonoids nama-Terpenoids: Ngaphandle kwe-artemisinin, I-Sweet Wormwood iqukethe ama-flavonoid kanye nama-terpenoids, okungama-metabolites esibili anezindawo zokulwa ne-antioxidant. Lezi zinhlanganisela zifaka isandla kuphrofayili ye-pharmacological jikelele yesitshalo.
4. Ukuhlukahluka kwePhytochemical: Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwe-Sweet Wormwood kungahluka ngokuya ngezinto ezifana nendawo, isimo sezulu, kanye nezinqubo zokulima. Abacwaningi bayaqhubeka nokuhlola ukuhlukahluka kwe-phytochemical ukuze bathuthukise okuqukethwe kwe-artemisinin ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
Funda Futhi: 7 Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha zama-Daffodils (Isitjalo seNarcissus)
Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha Zomhlonyane Omnandi (Artemisia Annua)
1. Umalaleveva Ukwelashwa: Inzuzo enkulu yezempilo yomhlonyane ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekwelapheni umalaleveva. Inhlanganisela ye-artemisinin, ephuma esitshalweni, isebenze kahle kakhulu ekwelapheni izinhlobo ezahlukene zikamalaleveva, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezimelana nemithi.
2. I-Antiparasite Izakhiwo: Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yayo yokulwa nomalaleveva, i-artemisinin nezinye izinhlanganisela emhlonyane omnandi ziye zabonisa umsebenzi wokulwa nezinye izifo ezihlukahlukene zezinambuzane.
3. I-Anti-Inflammatory Imiphumela: Olunye ucwaningo lusikisela ukuthi umhlonyane omnandi ungase ube nezinto zokunqanda ukuvuvukala, ezingase zibe nenzuzo ezimeni ezihilela ukuvuvukala.
4. Umsebenzi We-Antioxidant: Umhlonyane omnandi uqukethe ama-antioxidants angasiza ukuvikela amangqamuzana ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative kanye nokulimala okubangelwa ama-radicals mahhala.
5. Usekelo Lwesistimu Yamasosha omzimba: Ucwaningo lokuqala lubonisa ukuthi izinhlanganisela ezithile ku-sweet wormwood zingase zibe nemiphumela yokuzivikela ezifweni, ezingase zithuthukise izindlela zokuzivikela zemvelo zomzimba.
6. Ukwelashwa Komdlavuza Okungenzeka: Ngenkathi kusacwaningwa, i-artemisinin kanye nokuphuma kwayo kubonise isithembiso ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri ngamandla ayo okuvimbela ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza. Kodwa-ke, lena indawo yophenyo oluqhubekayo hhayi ukwelashwa komdlavuza okusunguliwe.
7. Amathumbu Impumuzo: Umhlonyane omnandi ubusetshenziswa ngokwesiko ukubhekana nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla ezifana nesisu kanye nokungakhululeki.
8. Umkhuhlane Ukuncishiswa: Ngokwesiko, umhlonyane omnandi usetshenziselwe ukwehlisa umkhuhlane, okungesinye sezizathu zegama lawo elithi “qing hao” emithini yendabuko yamaShayina.
9. Yendabuko Isebenzisa: Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko ngokumelene nomalaleveva, umhlonyane unomlando wokusetshenziswa kwendabuko emasikweni ahlukahlukene mayelana nohlu lwezinkinga zempilo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kufanele kuthathwe ngokuqapha futhi ngokufanelekile ngaphansi kokuqondisa kochwepheshe bezempilo.
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Ukuze Kuzuzwe Izinzuzo Zezempilo Ezihlinzekiwe Zomhlonyane Omnandi (Artemisia Annua)
1. Ukuxilongwa: Ukuxilongwa kwe-malaria kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngezindlela ezifanele zokuxilonga ngaphambi kokuqala ukwelashwa.
2. Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo Uchwepheshe: Ukwelashwa kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi kunqunywe futhi kugadwe ochwepheshe bezempilo abaqeqeshiwe. Ukuzelapha akukhuthazwa kakhulu.
3. I-Artemisinin Inhlanganisela: Imithi yokwelapha ehlanganisa i-Artemisinin (ACTs) iyindlela enconywayo yokwelapha umalaleveva. Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zihlanganisa i-artemisinin noma okuphuma kuyo neminye imithi elwa nomalaleveva.
4. Isikhathi: IMITHETHO ivamise ukuthathwa ngomlomo, futhi imithamo ivamise ukuhlukaniswa ibe imithamo emibili yansuku zonke ukuze kukhuliswe ukusebenza kahle.
5. Ukuhambisana: Ukuqeda inkambo yokwelashwa egcwele kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvela kwezinhlobo zikamalaleveva ezingazweli emishanguzweni. Iziguli kufanele zibambelele ngokuqinile kuhlelo olunqunyiwe.
7. Ukulandelela: Iziguli ezilashwa nge-ACTs zingase zidinge ukuvakashelwa kokulandelela ukuze ziqaphe ukusebenza kokwelashwa futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi ukutheleleka kusulwe ngokwanele.
8. Isexwayiso kanye Ukuqapha: Ochwepheshe bezempilo baqapha ngokucophelela iziguli nganoma yimiphi imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga phakathi nangemuva kokwelashwa.
Funda Futhi: Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha eziyi-10 ze-Acalypha integrifolia (Acalypha Indian Nettle)
Imiphumela Emibi Yokusebenzisa Isitshalo Somuthi Womhlonyane Omnandi
Umhlonyane omnandi (Artemisia annua) kanye nenhlanganisela yawo eyinhloko, i-artemisinin, ngokuvamile ibekezelelwa kahle uma isetshenziswa ngemithamo efanele ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni umalaleveva. Kodwa-ke, njenganoma iyiphi into yokwelapha, kungaba nemiphumela emibi engaba khona kanye nokucatshangelwa okufanele kukhunjulwe lapho usebenzisa isitshalo somuthi womhlonyane:
1. Amathumbu Ukucindezeleka: Abanye abantu bangase babe nezimpawu ezithambile zesisu ezifana nokucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukuhlanza, noma ukungaphatheki kahle kwesisu lapho bethatha umhlonyane omnandi noma imithi yokwelapha esekelwe ku-artemisinin. Ukuphuza umuthi ngokudla kungasiza ekudambiseni lezi zimpawu.
2. Ukungezwani komzimba Ukusabela: Ukungezwani komzimba nomhlonyane omnandi noma izingxenye zawo kungenzeka, nakuba kuyivelakancane. Izimpawu zokungezwani komzimba zingabandakanya ukuqubuka, ukulunywa, ukuvuvukala, isiyezi, nobunzima bokuphefumula. Thola usizo lwezempilo ngokushesha uma uthola noma yiziphi izimpawu zokungezwani komzimba.
3. Isiyezi futhi Ikhanda elibuhlungu: Kwezinye izimo, ukwelashwa okusekelwe ku-artemisinin kungase kubangele isiyezi noma ubuhlungu bekhanda. Uma lezi zimpawu zenzeka, kuhle ukugwema imisebenzi edinga ukuqapha kuze kube yilapho imiphumela iyancipha.
4. Isidakamizwa Ukusebenzisana: Njenganoma yimuphi umuthi, ukwelashwa okusekelwe ku-artemisinin kungase kuhlanganyele neminye imithi oyiphuzayo. Yazisa umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngayo yonke imithi nezithako ozisebenzisayo ukuze ugweme ukusebenzisana okungenzeka.
5. Ukukhulelwa kanye Ukuncelisa ibele: Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokwelapha esekelwe ku-artemisinin ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa kuyindaba yokuqapha. Abantu abakhulelwe noma abancelisa ibele kufanele baxhumane nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa lezi zindlela zokwelapha.
6. Inhliziyo Impilo: Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukwelashwa okusekelwe ku-artemisinin kuye kwahlotshaniswa ne-arrhythmias yenhliziyo. Yazisa umhlinzeki wakho wokunakekelwa kwezempilo uma unezimo zenhliziyo esezivele zikhona
Ucwaningo Lwesayensi Nezifundo Ze-Sweet Wormwood
1. Ukutholwa kwe-Artemisinin: Okunye okubalulekile kwesayensi okuhlobene ne-Sweet Wormwood ukutholakala kwe-artemisinin. Le nhlanganisela, ehlukanisiwe nesitshalo, ifakazele ukuthi iyashintsha ekwelapheni umalaleveva. Ucwaningo ibheke ekuqondeni izindlela ze-artemisinins isenzo sokulwa nomalaleveva, okuholela ekufakweni kwayo emithi yokwelapha ehlangene esekelwe ku-artemisinin (ACTs).
2. Ukusebenza Kwe-Antimalarial: Ucwaningo oluningi lwenziwe ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwe-Sweet Wormwood kanye nengxenye yayo ebalulekile, i-artemisinin. Abacwaningi bahlole ukusebenza kwezinqubo nemithamo ehlukene, okuhloswe ngayo ukuthuthukisa imiphumela yokwelashwa nokubhekana nenselelo yomhlaba wonke kamalaleveva ongazweli emuthini.
3. Izakhiwo ze-Anticancer: Ucwaningo lwesayensi iye yadlulela ngalé kokwelashwa kamalaleveva ukuze ihlole izici ezingase zibe khona zokunqanda umdlavuza ze-Sweet Wormwood. Ucwaningo luye lwaphenya umthelela we-artemisinin kumaseli omdlavuza, lwembula imiphumela ethembisayo ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza. Le ndlela yocwaningo ivula amathuba amasha okwelashwa komdlavuza.
4. I-Immunomodulatory Effects: Ucwaningo luye lwahlola imiphumela ye-immunomodulatory ye-Sweet Wormwood, ihlola ukuthi izinhlanganisela zayo zihlangana kanjani namasosha omzimba. Ukuqonda le miphumela kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezingase zithuthukise ukusabela komzimba kanye nokubhekana nezimo ezihlobene nokungasebenzi kahle kwamasosha omzimba.
5. Umsebenzi We-Antioxidant: Ucwaningo lugxile ekusebenzeni kwe-antioxidant ye-Sweet Wormwood, ikakhulukazi okubangelwa amafutha ayo abalulekile namanye amakhemikhali e-phytochemicals. Ama-Antioxidants adlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni ama-radicals mahhala kanye nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka okwenziwe nge-oxidative, okunomthelela empilweni yonke kanye nokuphila kahle.
6. I-Pharmacokinetics kanye ne-Bioavailability: Uphenyo lwesayensi baye bajula ku-pharmacokinetics kanye ne-bioavailability ye-artemisinin, okuhloswe ngayo ukuqonda ukuthi umzimba uwumunca kanjani, usabalalise, ugaye umzimba, futhi uyikhiphe kanjani le nhlanganisela. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izinhlobo zemithamo nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kokwelapha.
Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Nezincomo Ekusebenziseni Isitshalo Somuthi Womhlonyane Omnandi
1. Ukubonisana Nabasebenzi Bezempilo: Ngaphambi kokufaka I-Sweet Wormwood kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwemithi, kubalulekile ukubonisana nochwepheshe bezempilo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abanezimo zempilo ezikhona, labo abasebenzisa imithi, noma abesifazane abakhulelwe.
2. Imihlahlandlela Yemithamo: Ukusungula imihlahlandlela yemithamo ecacile kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukusabela okungekuhle. Izincomo ezisekelwe ocwaningweni kufanele zilandelwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okuphephile nangempumelelo kweSweet Wormwood. Ukuzinqumela wena kanye nemithamo enconyiwe eyeqile kungaholela emiphumeleni engathandeki.
3. Imithelela Engenzeka Engase Ivele: Izinyathelo zokuphepha zihlanganisa ukuqwashisa ngemiphumela engemihle engaba khona ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kweSweet Wormwood. Nakuba ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokuphephile uma kusetshenziswe ngendlela efanele, ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungase kubangele izinkinga zesisu, ukungezwani komzimba, noma eminye imiphumela emibi. Ukuqapha noma yiziphi izimpawu ezingavamile kuyanconywa.
4. Ukuhlonza kanye Nokuqinisekisa: Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlonzwa okufanele kweSweet Wormwood kubalulekile ukuze ugweme ukungenwa ezinye izitshalo ngephutha. Izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa nokulawula ikhwalithi ziyizingxenye ezibalulekile zezincomo zokuphepha. Ukuthenga emithonjeni ethembekile nokuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bomkhiqizo kubalulekile.
Ukuqonda nokulandela izinyathelo zokuphepha kanye nezincomo kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okunomthwalo wemfanelo nokuphephile kweSweet Wormwood ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Ngesitjalo Somuthi Womhlonyane Omnandi
1. Ingabe I-Sweet Wormwood Iphephile Kwabesifazane Abakhulelwe?
Abesifazane abakhulelwe bayelulekwa ukuba baqikelele futhi bathintane nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa I-Sweet Wormwood. Nakuba kade isetshenziswa, umthelela ongaba khona ekukhulelweni udinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela.
2. Ingabe I-Sweet Wormwood Ingakwazi Ukusebenzisana Nemithi?
Yebo, I-Sweet Wormwood, ikakhulukazi emafomu agxilile, ingase ihlangane nemithi ethile. Kubalulekile ukwazisa abahlinzeki bezokunakekelwa kwempilo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwayo ukuvimbela izinkinga ezingaba khona noma ukusabela okubi.
3. Ingabe Kukhona Imikhawulo Yeminyaka Yokusebenzisa I-Sweet Wormwood?
Ukuphepha kuzibalo zezingane kanye ne-geriatric akukasungulwa kahle. Ukubonisana nabahlinzeki bezempilo kuyatuswa ngaphambi kokunikeza izingane noma abantu abadala abadala I-Sweet Wormwood.
4. I-Sweet Wormwood Kufanele Ilungiselelwe Kanjani Ukuze Isetshenziselwe Ukwelapha?
Izindlela zokulungiselela ziyahlukahluka, kufaka phakathi ama-infusions, ama-decoctions, noma ama-extracts. Kufanele kulandelwe imihlahlandlela eqondile, kucatshangelwa umgomo othile wokwelapha. Kutuswa ukufuna isiqondiso kodokotela bemithi noma ochwepheshe bezempilo.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko senzelwe izinjongo zemfundo kanye nolwazi kuphela. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezichazwe zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi nolwazi lwendabuko. Azithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha esiqeqeshiwe, ukuxilongwa, noma ukwelashwa. Hlala uthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimaphi amakhambi noma amakhambi emvelo ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
Funda Futhi: Ukuhlukaniswa Komkhiqizo Wemikhiqizo Yezimboni