I-Strophanthus welwitschii, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi ubuthi bomcibisholo be-Welwitschs, iyisitshalo esihlukile esingomndeni we-Apocynaceae. Lo mndeni uhlanganisa izitshalo ezahlukahlukene ezaziwa ngezakhiwo zazo zokwelapha nezobuthi. I-Strophanthus welwitschii, ikakhulukazi, ithole ukunakwa ngokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha zendabuko ngenxa yamakhemikhali asebenzayo atholakala ezingxenyeni zayo ezahlukahlukene.
I-Strophanthus welwitschii ingumvini okhula ngezinkuni ongafinyelela ukuphakama okukhulu. Isiqu sesitshalo simbozwe ngegxolo elimpunga elikhanyayo kuya konsundu, futhi livame ukusonta lizungeze ezinye izitshalo ukuze lisekele. Amaqabunga e-Strophanthus welwitschii ayindilinga futhi ayacwebezela, ngokuvamile afinyelela kumasentimitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-15 ubude. Lawa maqabunga akhula ngendlela ehlukile eceleni kwesiqu futhi anombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ohlukile.
Lesi sitshalo sikhiqiza izimbali ezinde ezibizwa ngesakhiwo sazo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokubukeka okuthakazelisayo. Izimbali zivame ukuba nombala ophuzi okhanyayo noma okhilimu, ngezinye izikhathi zibe nombala opinki noma onsomi. Lezi zimbali zinephunga elinamandla elingakhanga kakhulu. Izimbali ziqoqwe ngamaqoqo, okwenza umbukiso okhangayo lapho isitshalo siqhakaza.
Isithelo se-Strophanthus welwitschii siyi-follicle, okuyi-capsule eyomile, ende evulekayo ukuze ikhulule imbewu uma isivuthiwe. Imbewu insundu omnyama futhi inesimo esiyisicaba. Lezi mbewu ziwumthombo oyinhloko wezitshalo ezisebenzayo futhi zithakazelisa kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zokwelapha nezobuthi.
I-Strophanthus welwitschii yaziwa ngezakhiwo zayo ezinobuthi, ikakhulukazi ikhono layo lokukhiqiza ama-glycoside enhliziyo. Lawa ma-compound ayaziwa ukuthi anemiphumela enhliziyweni futhi avame ukuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwawo njengobuthi bemicibisholo. Nakuba la ma-compound enobuthi uma eqongelela kakhulu, aphinde asetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwawo okungaba khona kwezokwelapha ngemithamo elawulwa ngokucophelela.
I-Strophanthus welwitschii isetshenziswe ngenxa yemiphumela yayo ohlelweni lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ama-glycoside enhliziyo atholakala esitshalweni asetshenziswe ukuphatha izimo zenhliziyo, yize ngokuqapha ngenxa yemvelo yawo enamandla. Ubuthi bezitshalo buholele nasekusetshenzisweni kwayo njengobuthi bemicibisholo kwamanye amasiko, lapho amakhemikhali anamandla esetshenziswa khona eziqongweni zemicibisholo yokuzingela.
Funda Futhi: Izinzuzo eziyi-15 zezempilo zePrunus Africana (i-African Cherry) kwezokwelapha
Izinzuzo Zempilo Yezokwelapha zeStrophanthus welwitschii (Welwitschs arrow poison)
1. Impilo Yenhliziyo Nemithambo Yegazi: I-Strophanthus welwitschii yaziwa ngemiphumela yayo emihle empilweni yenhliziyo. Amakhemikhali ayo asebenzayo angasekela ukusebenza kahle kwenhliziyo futhi asize ekuphatheni izimo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
2. Ukulawulwa Komfutho Wegazi: Izithako zezitshalo zisetshenziswe ukulawula amazinga omfutho wegazi, okungenzeka zisize abantu abanomfutho wegazi ophakeme.
3. Ukuqeda Ubuhlungu: Izindlela zokwelapha zendabuko ezisebenzisa i-Strophanthus welwitschii ziye zasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ubuhlungu, kusukela ekungakhululeki okuncane kuya ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu.
4. Ukusekelwa Kokuphefumula: Lesi sitshalo sisetshenziswe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezithile zokuphefumula ngenxa yezakhiwo zaso ezingaba khona zokwehlisa i-bronchitis.
5. Imiphumela Yokulwa Nokuvuvukala: I-Strophanthus welwitschii iqukethe ama-compounds abonisa izenzo zokulwa nokuvuvukala, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekile ekuphatheni izifo zokuvuvukala.
6. Usizo Lokugaya Ukudla: Imikhuba yendabuko isebenzise lesi sitshalo njengosizo lokugaya ukudla, mhlawumbe kusiza ngezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zokugaya ukudla.
7. Izakhiwo Zokuhlunguphaza: Izithako zezitshalo zingase zibe nemiphumela yokudambisa ubuhlungu, okungenzeka zibe negalelo emasu okulawula ubuhlungu.
8. Ukwelashwa Kwendabuko Kobuthi: Kwezinye izinhlelo zendabuko, i-Strophanthus welwitschii isetshenziswe ukulwa nemiphumela yobuthi, yize kufanele kuqashelwe.
9. Ukwelapha Amanxeba: Izitshalo ezikwazi ukukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa ziholele ekusetshenzisweni kwazo ekwelapheni amanxeba ngendlela yendabuko.
10. Impilo Yengqondo: Ezinye izindlela zendabuko zokusebenzisa i-Strophanthus welwitschii zisikisela ukuthi i-Strophanthus welwitschii ingaba nezinzuzo zempilo yengqondo, nakuba kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
Funda Futhi: Izinzuzo eziyi-15 zezempilo zePrunus Africana (i-African Cherry) kwezokwelapha
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Ukuthola Izinzuzo Zezempilo Ezinikezwayo zeStrophanthus welwitschii (Welwitschs arrow poison)
1. Ama-infusions: Ukubilisa amaqabunga noma imbewu kube yitiye noma imixube yezitshalo ukuze kuphuzwe ngomlomo.
2. Izicelo Zezihloko: Ukulungiselela ama-balms noma ama-poultice kusetshenziswa izithako zezitshalo ukuze zisetshenziswe ngaphandle ezilonda noma ezindaweni ezithintekile.
3. Izithambisi: Ukwakha ama-tincture ngokufaka izinto zesitshalo otshwaleni ukuze kukhishwe amakhemikhali asebenzayo.
4. Isexwayiso: Ngenxa yokuthi iStrophanthus welwitschii inamandla, kubalulekile ukubonisana nochwepheshe wezempilo ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa ngezinjongo zokwelapha. Ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi.
Imiphumela Engemihle Yokusebenzisa Isitshalo Semithi iStrophanthus welwitschii
1. Imiphumela Yenhliziyo: Izakhi zezitshalo zingathinta ukusebenza kwenhliziyo futhi kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuqapha, ikakhulukazi yilabo abanezinkinga zenhliziyo.
2. Isicanucanu Nokuhlanza: Ukusetshenziswa okungalungile kungabangela ukungakhululeki kokugaya ukudla, okuhlanganisa isicanucanu nokuhlanza.
3. Ukusabela Kokungezwani Nomzimba: Abanye abantu bangase babe nokusabela kokungezwani komzimba lapho bethintana noma begwinya.
4. Ubuthi: Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungaholela ebuthi, okubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo.
Inani Lokudla Okunomsoco le-Strophanthus welwitschii (Welwitschs Arrow Poison)
1. I-Sarmentogenin: I-Sarmentogenin iyi-cardenolide aglycone ebalulekile etholakala embewini ye-Strophanthus welwitschii, ehlukaniswe eqenjini le-sarmentogenin/sarverogenin, eyaziwa ngezakhiwo zayo ze-cardiotonic ezithuthukisa ukugoba kwemisipha yenhliziyo futhi zisekele ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kwezimo zenhliziyo.
2. I-Sarverogenin: Le aglycone ye-steroidal, ekhona ezinhlanyelweni, inegalelo ezitshalweni ekubeni nesifo senhliziyo kanye nemiphumela yokwelapha enamandla, isiza ekukhuthazeni inhliziyo ngenkathi igqamisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengobuthi bomcibisholo ngenxa yobuthi.
3. Cardiac Glycosides: Njengoba itholakala ku-sarmentogenin kanye ne-sarverogenin embewu, lawa ma-glycoside anikeza imiphumela engajwayelekile enhliziyweni, okungenzeka ukuthi ayinzuzo ekwelapheni ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo kodwa adinga ukuqaphela okukhulu ngenxa yefasitela lawo elincane lokwelapha.
4. Ama-Saponins: Etholakala embewini ngokuhlolwa kweminwe kanye nokwehlukaniswa, ama-saponins abonisa izakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane kanye nokulwa nokuvuvukala, esekela indima yezitshalo ekwelapheni kwezifo ngendlela yendabuko.
5. Ama-Alkaloid: I-Indole kanye nezinye i-alkaloid ezitshalweni zinegalelo emisebenzini yokuvikela izinzwa kanye neyokulwa namagciwane, okuhambisana nezicelo zokwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene.
6. Ama-Flavonoid: Lezi zinhlanganisela ze-polyphenolic emaqabungeni naseziqwini zinikeza izinzuzo ze-antioxidant, zisiza ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative kanye nokuvuvukala emzimbeni.
7. Ama-Phenolic Compounds: Ama-phenolics afana ne-gallic acid derivatives anikeza imiphumela eyengeziwe yokulwa ne-antioxidant kanye ne-anti-inflammatory, okungenzeka asize ekwelapheni amanxeba kanye nokuvikela amaseli.
8. Ama-Triterpenoid: Etholakala ezimpandeni nasembewini, ama-triterpenoid afana ne-lupeol abonisa izakhiwo zokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye nokuvikela isibindi, esekela ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kokuvuvukala kanye nokutheleleka.
9. Ama-tannins: Lezi zinhlanganisela ezincibilikisayo emagxolweni nasemaqabungeni zinegalelo emsebenzini wokulwa namagciwane kanye nempilo yokugaya ukudla ngokunciphisa ukuvuvukala nokukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba.
10. Ama-steroid: Ama-steroid ezitshalo atholakala kulezi zingxenyana asekela ibhalansi yama-hormone futhi anemiphumela yokwehlisa i-cholesterol, anegalelo empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi uma kusetshenziswa ngendlela elinganiselayo.
Amakhemikhali asebenzayo eStrophanthus welwitschii, ikakhulukazi ama-glycoside ayo enhliziyo nama-saponins, agcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo kwezokwelapha e-ethnome emithi yendabuko yase-Afrika. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi bayo obuphezulu, ikakhulukazi obuvela embewini esetshenziswa njengobuthi bomcibisholo, buyenza ingafaneleki ukuzisebenzisa, futhi ukubhekwa kochwepheshe bezokwelapha kubalulekile.
Ubufakazi Besayensi kanye Nezifundo Zezimo Nge-Strophanthus welwitschii
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Cardenolide: UJoubert nabanye. (1984) wahlukanisa i-Strophanthus welwitschii eqenjini le-sarmentogenin/sarverogenin ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-glycoside yembewu, okubonisa amandla ayo e-cardiotonic ngokuchazwa kwesakhiwo sama-aglycones, okusekela izinzuzo zokusebenza kwenhliziyo (Joubert, PH, 1984, Ijenali Yezokwelapha yaseNingizimu Afrika, 66(20), 763-766).
2. Ukuhlonza i-Saponin: I-Włodarczyk nabanye. (2022) benze ukuthwebula izigxivizo zeminwe, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokulinganisa okuqukethwe kwama-saponins embewini ye-Strophanthus, okuhlanganisa ne-welwitschii, besebenzisa i-HPLC-MS, beveza imisebenzi yokulwa namagciwane kanye neyokulwa nokuvuvukala eqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kwezifo (Włodarczyk, M., & Gleńsk, M., 2022, I-Planta Medica, 88(5), 576-586).
3. Isibuyekezo Se-Cardiotonic: I-Orhan nabanye. (2017) babuyekeze izifundo zangaphambi kokwelashwa kanye nezemitholampilo ngezinhlobo zeStrophanthus, kufaka phakathi i-welwitschii, baqokomisa imiphumela ye-cardiotonic evela kuma-glycosides athuthukisa ukugoba kwe-myocardial kumamodeli ezilwane, yize begcizelela izingozi zobuthi (Orhan, IE, Gokbulut, A., & Senol, FS, 2017, Umklamo Wamanje Wezemithi, 23(7), 1051-1059).
4. Ukusebenzisana okulwa nokuvuvukala: UJohn Kenneth nabanye. (2019) baphenye izingcezu ezihlanganisiwe ezivela ezinhlotsheni ezihlobene zeStrophanthus, bebonisa ukusebenzisana kwe-phytochemical ekunciphiseni izimpawu zokuvuvukala ekuhlolweni kwangaphambi kokwelashwa, bephakamisa izinzuzo ezifanayo ze-welwitschii ngenxa yamakhemikhali ahlanganyelwe (John Kenneth, M., Amina, I., & Yakubu, J., 2019, Izingobo zomlando zeSayensi Yezemithi kanye Nezemithi, 3(2), 89-100).
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Nge-Strophanthus welwitschii
1. Isetshenziswa kanjani i-Strophanthus welwitschii emithini yendabuko?
Isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo zokuphefumula, i-gonorrhea, ukhwekhwe, kanye nezifo, kanti imbewu yayisetshenziswa njengobuthi bomcibisholo emiphakathini yase-Afrika yokuzingela.
2. Ingabe i-Strophanthus welwitschii iphephile ukuyisebenzisa?
Cha, inobuthi obukhulu ngenxa ye-glycosides yenhliziyo, okungase kubangele ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile noma ukufa; kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela ngaphansi kokuqashwa okuqinile kwezokwelapha.
3. Ingabe i-Strophanthus welwitschii ingasiza empilweni yenhliziyo?
Ama-cardenolide ayo angase athuthukise ukufinyela kwenhliziyo okufana ne-digitalis, kodwa ubufakazi buvela ekusetshenzisweni kwendabuko nangaphambi kokwelashwa, okunezingozi ezinkulu zobuthi.
4. Yiziphi izingxenye ze-Strophanthus welwitschii ezisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha?
Imbewu isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-glycoside ayo ekwelapheni ubuthi bemicibisholo kanye nenhliziyo, kuyilapho amaqabunga nezimpande kungafakwa phezulu ezimweni zesikhumba ezifana nokhwekhwe.
5. Ingabe i-Strophanthus welwitschii inezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane?
Yebo, ama-saponins nama-alkaloid ayo abonisa amandla okulwa namagciwane kanye nesikhunta, okusekela ukwelashwa kwendabuko kwe-gonorrhea kanye nokutheleleka, yize izifundo zingezokuqala.
6. Ivelaphi iStrophanthus welwitschii?
Ivela ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika, okuhlanganisa iDemocratic Republic of Congo, iTanzania, i-Angola, neZambia, ikhula emahlathini nasezindaweni ezinamatshe.
7. Ingabe i-Strophanthus welwitschii ingasetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?
Akuphephile, njengoba ama-glycoside enhliziyo angabangela ukufinyela kwesibeletho okuholela ekuphuphumeni kwesisu; gwema ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ukuncelisa.
8. Yimiphi imiphumela emibi ye-Strophanthus welwitschii?
Imiphumela emibi ihlanganisa isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile, kanye nokuma kwenhliziyo okungenzeka ngenxa yobuthi; kuthintana ngendlela eyingozi nemithi yenhliziyo efana ne-digoxin.
Unemibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela uzizwe ukhululekile ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Sikukhuthaza futhi ukuthi wabelane ngalolu lwazi nabanye abangase bazuze kulo. Njengoba singeke sikwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, siyabonga kakhulu ngosizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nangokwabelana!
Isixwayiso: Lesi sihloko senzelwe izinjongo zemfundo nolwazi kuphela. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezichazwe zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi nolwazi lwendabuko. Azithathi indawo yeseluleko sochwepheshe bezokwelapha, ukuxilongwa, noma ukwelashwa. Njalo xhumana nochwepheshe wezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umuthi wezitshalo noma wemvelo ngezinjongo zezokwelapha.
Funda Futhi: Umhlahlandlela Webhizinisi Ophelele Wokulima U-anyanisi