I-Plumbago zeylanica, eyaziwa kakhulu nge-Ceylon Leadwort noma i-Chitrak, yisihlahla esihlala njalo somndeni wakwa-Plumbaginaceae. Lesi sitshalo sitholakala ezwenikazini laseNdiya, okuhlanganisa iNdiya, iSri Lanka, nezinye izingxenye zeNingizimu Asia. Ngezimbali zayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezikhanyayo kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwezokwelapha, i-Plumbago zeylanica izuze ukuvelela kokubili emithini yendabuko kanye nokuhlola izitshalo.
I-Plumbago zeylanica ngokuvamile ikhula ibe ngamamitha angu-1 kuya kwangu-2 ukuphakama. Isiqu siqondile, sinokhuni ngaphansi, futhi sinamagatsha ngaphezulu. Amaqabunga alesi sitshalo alula, ayashintshana, futhi ayisimo se-obovate. Aluhlaza okotshani ngokombala, abushelelezi, futhi angakhula afike kubude obungamasentimitha angu-10-15.
Isici esivelele kakhulu se-Plumbago zeylanica izimbali zaso eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezikhanyayo. Lezi zimbali zinesimo sefaneli futhi zihlelwe ngamaqoqo aphezulu. Imbali ngayinye inama-petal amahlanu ahlanganiswe ndawonye ukuze akhe isakhiwo esinjengeshubhu. Izimbali zingaba ngamasentimitha angu-1 kuya ku-1.5 ububanzi.
Isithelo se-Plumbago zeylanica siyikhaphuleti equkethe imbewu eminingi emincane enezimpiko. Amakhaphuleti ayaqhekezeka lapho esevuthiwe, ekhulula imbewu ukusiza ekusabalaliseni.
I-Plumbago zeylanica izivumelanise kahle nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlala, okuhlanganisa amahlathi omile, utshani, nezindawo ezingasasetshenziswa. Ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo nezifudumele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele nomhlabathi owomile kahle. Ingakwazi ukumelana nezimo zesomiso futhi ivame ukutholakala emhlabathini onamadwala noma onesihlabathi.
I-Plumbago zeylanica inomlando ocebile wokusetshenziswa ngokwesiko emithini ye-Ayurvedic nakwezinye izinhlelo zemithi yesintu. Izimpande zayo, amaqabunga, nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo zisetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinkinga eziningi zempilo. Izakhiwo zokwelapha zalesi sitshalo zihlanganisa izinzuzo zokulwa nokuvuvukala, ukunciphisa izinhlungu, ukugaya, nezokuphefumula.
Nakuba i-Plumbago zeylanica njengamanje ingahlukaniswa njengesengozini, ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokuvunwa ngokweqile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha kungadala izinsongo ezinhlanganweni zayo. Njengoba isidingo semithi yamakhambi siqhubeka nokukhuphuka, izindlela zokuvuna ezisimeme nemizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusinda kwesitshalo isikhathi eside.
Funda Futhi: Izinzuzo Zezempilo Eziyi-11 Zokwelapha Ze-Japanese Wormwood (Artemisia Princeps)
Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha ze-Plumbago zeylanica (Ceylon Leadwort)
1. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezempilo Yokugaya: I-Plumbago zeylanica isiza ekugayeni ukudla ngokukhuthaza ukukhishwa kwama-enzyme okugaya, ngaleyo ndlela iqede izinkinga ezifana nokungagayeki kahle nokuvuvukala.
2. Izakhiwo Zokulwa Nokuvuvukala: Lesi sitshalo siqukethe izinhlanganisela ezinemiphumela enamandla yokulwa nokuvuvukala, okusenza sibe yigugu ekuphatheni izimo ezivuthayo njenge-arthritis.
3. Ukukhululeka Kokuphefumula: Isetshenziselwa ukudambisa izifo zokuphefumula ezifana nokukhwehlela, isifuba somoya, nesifo sokukhathala ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezilindelekile.
4. Ukuphathwa Kwezinhlungu: I-Plumbago zeylanica inezakhiwo zokunciphisa izinhlungu ezingasiza ekunciphiseni izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobuhlungu, kusukela ekhanda kuya ekungakhululekini kwemisipha.
5. Izifo Zesikhumba: Izimpawu zalesi sitshalo zokulwa namagciwane nokuvuvukala zenza siphumelele ekwelapheni izimo zesikhumba ezifana ne-eczema, i-psoriasis, kanye nokushisa isikhumba.
6. Ukuphulukiswa Kwezilonda: I-Plumbago zeylanica ikhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwezilonda ngenxa yekhono layo lokuvuselela amangqamuzana omzimba nokulwa nezifo.
7. Ukulawulwa Kukashukela: Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi lungasiza ukulawula amazinga kashukela egazini futhi lithuthukise ukuzwela kwe-insulin.
8. Ukuthuthukiswa Kwe-Antioxidant: Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-antioxidant okucebile, ilwa nama-free radicals, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ubungozi bezifo ezingamahlalakhona.
9. Ukusekelwa Kwesistimu Yomzimba Yokuzivikela Ezifweni: Ukusetshenziswa njalo kungathuthukisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni, kusize umzimba ukuzivikela ezifweni.
10. Amandla Okulwa Nomdlavuza: Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezikhona ku-Plumbago zeylanica zikhombise izakhiwo ezithembisayo zokulwa nomdlavuza ezifundweni zokuqala.
11. Impilo Yezinhliziyo Nemithambo Yegazi: Kungafaka isandla empilweni yenhliziyo ngokusekela amazinga omuzi wegazi anempilo nokuthuthukisa ukujikeleza kwegazi.
12. Ukusebenza Kwesibindi: Imithi yendabuko iyayisebenzisa ukukhuthaza impilo yesibindi futhi isize ezinqubweni zokukhipha ubuthi emzimbeni.
13. Imiphumela Yokulwa Namagciwane: Ibonisa umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane ahlukahlukene, okuyenza ibe wusizo ekubhekaneni nezifo.
14. Ukukhululeka Kokugaya Ukudla: I-Plumbago zeylanica inganciphisa ukucindezeleka kokugaya ukudla futhi yehlise ingozi yezilonda.
15. Impilo Yokuya Esikhathini: Ingase isize ukulawula imijikelezo yokuya esikhathini futhi inciphise ubuhlungu besikhathi kwabanye besifazane.
16. Izinzuzo Zokuqeda Ukukhathazeka: Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kufaka imiphumela yayo ezolisayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa, okungasiza ekuphathweni kokukhathazeka.
17. Izakhiwo Zokulwa Namagciwane: Isetshenziselwe ukulwa nokutheleleka kwamagciwane athile emithini yendabuko.
18. Impilo Yezinzwa: Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezikhona esitshalweni zingaba nemiphumela evikelayo ezinzweni, engazuzisa impilo yobuchopho.
19. Imiphumela Yokulwa Nokuguga: Ama-antioxidants ku-Plumbago zeylanica anikela empilweni yesikhumba futhi anganciphisa inqubo yokuguga.
20. Izinkinga Zokugaya Ukudla: Iqashwe ukubhekana nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla njengohudo kanye ne-dysentery ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziqinile.
Funda Futhi: 13 Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha ZeBasil (Ocimum Basillicum)
Izindlela Zokusetshenziswa Ukufeza Izinzuzo Zezempilo Ezinikeziwe ze- Plumbago zeylanica (Ceylon Leadwort)
1. I-Decoction: Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ukulungisa i-decoction. Lokhu kufaka ukubilisa izimpande noma amaqabunga e-Plumbago zeylanica emanzini. Uketshezi oluvelayo lungadliwa njenge-herbal infusion. Ama-decoction asebenza kahle kakhulu ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zempilo zangaphakathi.
2. Isiqedazwe: Uma isetshenziswa ngaphandle, isiqedazwe singenziwa kusetshenziswa amaqabunga alesi sitshalo. Amaqabunga ayachotshozwa noma agaywe ukuze kwakheke inhlama, bese ifakwa ngqo endaweni ethintekile. Le ndlela ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukuphola kwamanxeba, ukunciphisa ukucasuka kwesikhumba, nokunciphisa ukuvuvukala.
3. Ukufakwa Kwamafutha: Amaqabunga e-Plumbago zeylanica angafakwa emafutheni athwalayo, njengamafutha kakhukhunathi noma amafutha esame. Le nqubo ikhipha izinhlanganisela ezinenzuzo zalesi sitshalo emafutheni, kwakheke isixazululo esifakwa esikhunjeni. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukubhucungwa ukuze kukhululwe ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala.
4. Ukugeza Ngamakhambi: Ukwengeza amaqabunga e-Plumbago zeylanica noma okukhishwe ezimpandeni emanzini okugeza kungahlinzeka ngomuzwa ophumuzayo nowelaphayo. Izinhlanganisela ezinenzuzo ezikhishelwa emanzini okugeza zingamuncwa ngesikhumba, zinikeze ukuphumula nokukhululeka ezifweni zesikhumba.
5. Ukuhogela: Ukuhogela umhwamuko ovela ekuvuthisweni noma ekufakweni kwe-Plumbago zeylanica kungasiza ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zokuphefumula. Le ndlela ilusizo ikakhulukazi ekunciphiseni ukuqunjelwa, ukukhwehlela, nokunye ukungaphatheki kahle kokuphefumula.
6. Itiye Lamakhambi: Amaqabunga e-Plumbago zeylanica omisiwe angasetshenziswa ukwenza itiye lamakhambi. Leli tiye lingadliwa ngenxa yezinzuzo zalo ezingaba khona zokugaya ukudla kanye nokusekelwa kwenhlalakahle jikelele.
7. Isithako Esihlanganisiwe: Izithako ezihlanganisiwe ziyizithako ezikhishwe ngotshwala ezigxilisa izakhiwo zemithi zalesi sitshalo. Izithako ezihlanganisiwe ze-Plumbago zeylanica zingathathwa ngomlomo, ngokuvamile ngamanani amancane, ukuze zibe nomphumela onamandla.
8. Uhlobo Lwempushu: Amaqabunga omisiwe noma izimpande zingagaywa zibe yimpushu ecolekile. Le mpushu ingafakwa emaphilisi ukuze isetshenziswe kalula noma ixutshwe nezinye izithako ukuze kwakheke izinto zokugcoba ezitholakala ngaphezulu kwesikhumba.
9. Izindlela Zokwenza Zesintu: I-Plumbago zeylanica ivamise ukufakwa ezindleleni zokwenza zesintu kanye namakhambi e-Ayurveda nakwezinye izinhlelo zemithi yesintu. Lezi zindlela zokwenza zingayihlanganisa neminye imithi yamakhambi ukuze kuqondiswe ezinkingeni ezithile zempilo.
Imiphumela Engemihle Yokusebenzisa Isitshalo Semithi I-Plumbago zeylanica
1. Ukuphazamiseka Kokugaya Ukudla: Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwe-Plumbago zeylanica kungaholela ekungakhululekini kokugaya ukudla, okuhlanganisa isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, kanye nohudo.
2. Ukucasuka Kwesikhumba: Uma igcotshwa ngaphezulu kwesikhumba, izinhlanganisela zalesi sitshalo zingabangela ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ububomvu, nokulunywa kwabanye abantu. Ukuhlola i-patch kuyatuswa ngaphambi kokuyigcoba ezindaweni ezinkulu zesikhumba.
3. Ukungezwani Komzimba: Abanye abantu bangase babe nokungezwani ne-Plumbago zeylanica. Ukusabela kokungezwani komzimba kungabonakala njengokusha kwesikhumba, izinduna, noma ngisho nezimpawu ezinzima kakhulu njengokuba nenkinga yokuphefumula.
4. Ukukhulelwa Nokuncelisa: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Plumbago zeylanica ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa akunconywa. Kungase kuholele ezinkingeni noma kulimaze umbungu osakhula kanye nosana.
5. Ukusebenzisana Kwezidakamizwa: I-Plumbago zeylanica ingasebenzelana nemithi ethile. Uma uphuza noma yimiphi imithi ebekiwe, thintana nochwepheshe wezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa lesi sitshalo ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
6. Ukucasuka Kwamathumbu: Izakhiwo ze-astringent zalesi sitshalo zingaholela ekucasukeni kwamathumbu kubantu abathintekayo, okubangela ukungakhululeki esiswini.
7. Ubungozi Bokweqisa: Ukuthatha amanani amaningi we-Plumbago zeylanica kungaholela emiphumeleni emibi ebonakala kakhulu. Njalo nambathela emithini enconyiwe.
8. Ukukhathazeka Ngegazi: Lesi sitshalo singathinta amazinga egazi. Uma une-hypertension noma ezinye izimo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, thintana nomhlinzeki wezempilo ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.
9. Imiphumela Yesistimu Yezinzwa Ephakathi: Kwezinye izimo, imithamo ephezulu ye-Plumbago zeylanica ingabangela imiphumela yesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi njengokuquleka noma ukudideka.
10. Umthelela Wezinso Nesibindi: Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile noma isikhathi eside kungathinta umsebenzi wezinso nesibindi, ikakhulukazi kubantu abathintekayo.
Inani Lokudla Okunempilo le-Plumbago zeylanica (Ceylon Leadwort)
1. I-Plumbagin: I-Plumbagin i-naphthoquinone, iyinhlanganisela ebalulekile ye-bioactive etholakala kakhulu ezimpandeni ze-Plumbago zeylanica. Yaziwa ngezakhiwo zayo ze-antioxidant, ze-antimicrobial, kanye nezakhiwo ezingaba khona zomdlavuza, ezinomthelela emiphumeleni yokwelapha yesitshalo.
2. Ama-Flavonoid: Lezi yizingxube ze-polyphenolic ezikhona emaqabungeni, eziqu, nasezimpandeni. Ama-Flavonoid ku-Plumbago zeylanica abonisa umsebenzi oqinile we-antioxidant, asize ukunciphisa ama-radicals amahhala nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative emzimbeni.
3. Ama-Alkaloids: Atholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zesitshalo, ama-alkaloids anegalelo emiphumeleni yaso yemithi, okuhlanganisa izakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane nezokuvuvukala, ezisekela ukusetshenziswa kwayo emithini yendabuko.
4. Izinhlanganisela zePhenolic: Lezi zinhlanganisela, eziningi ezicatshangelweni zesitshalo, zinikeza izinzuzo ze-antioxidant, zivikela amangqamuzana ekulimaleni futhi zisekela impilo yonke, ikakhulukazi ekuphatheni ukuvuvukala.
5. Ama-Saponins: Atholakala ezimpandeni, ama-saponins axhunyaniswa nezakhiwo zesitshalo zokupholisa amanxeba kanye nezokulwa namagciwane, asiza empilweni yesikhumba kanye nokuvimbela izifo.
6. Ama-Triterpenoids: Lezi zinhlanganisela, ezitholakala esitshalweni, zinomphumela wokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye nokulwa nomdlavuza, okwenza kube nokusetshenziswa kwayo ekuphatheni izifo ezingamahlalakhona.
7. Ama-Coumarins: Ama-Coumarins ku-Plumbago zeylanica anezakhiwo zokuqeda amandla kanye nezokulwa nokuvuvukala, ezingase zisekele impilo yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi futhi zinciphise ukuvuvukala.
8. Ama-Tannins: Ama-Tannins, atholakala ezimpandeni nasemaqabungeni, anezakhiwo zokuqinisa ezingase zisize ngezinkinga zokugaya ukudla nokuphulukiswa kwamanxeba ngokukhuthaza ukulungiswa kwezicubu.
9. Ama-Carbohydrates: Lesi sitshalo siqukethe ama-carbohydrates afana ne-glucose, i-fructose, ne-sucrose, enikeza amandla futhi isekela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwendabuko njengento evuselela ukugaya.
10. Amafutha agxilile namafutha: Lawa akhona ngamanani amancane ezimpandeni futhi anegalelo ezakhiweni zesitshalo zokuthambisa, eziwusizo ekusetshenzisweni kwesihloko empilweni yesikhumba.
Ubufakazi Besayensi kanye Nezifundo Zamacala ze-Plumbago zeylanica
1. Amandla ka-Plumbagin Okulwa Nomdlavuza: Sunil et al. (2012) bakhombise ukuthi i-plumbagin, ehlukaniswe ezimpandeni ze-Plumbago zeylanica, ivimbe ukukhula kwamangqamuzana omdlavuza wendlala ngaphakathi kwe-vitro ngokucindezela izindlela ezibalulekile zokuthumela izimpawu. Lokhu kuphakamisa izinzuzo ezingaba khona ekuphathweni komdlavuza, nakuba izifundo zabantu zidingeka (Sunil, C., Duraipandiyan, V., Agastian, P., & Ignacimuthu, S., 2012, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(12), 4356-4363).
2. Umsebenzi Olwa Nokuguga: Tilak et al. (2004) bathole ukuthi izinto ezibilisiwe ze-ethanolic nezamanzi zezimpande ze-Plumbago zeylanica zibonise imiphumela ebalulekile yokulwa nokuguga ku-FRAP, DPPH, naku-ABTS. Ucwaningo lugqamise ikhono lesitshalo lokuvimbela i-lipid peroxidation, lisekela ukusetshenziswa kwalo ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative (Tilak, J. C., Adhikari, S., & Devasagayam, T. P., 2004, Redox Report, 9(4), 219-227).
3. Imiphumela Elwa Namagciwane: Saritha et al. (2015) bakhombise ukuthi izinto ezitholakala kotshwala zezimpande ze-Plumbago zeylanica zinomsebenzi oqinile wokulwa namagciwane kuma-pathogen afana ne-Staphylococcus aureus ne-Escherichia coli, ngezinga elincane kakhulu lokuvimbela elingu-4 mg/mL, kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwendabuko ekwelapheni izifo (Saritha, K., Rajesh, A., Manjulatha, K., Setty, O. H., & Yenugu, S., 2015, Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 577).
4. Izakhiwo Zokuphulukisa Izilonda: UKumar et al. (2015) ubike ukuthi izingcaphuno zezimpande zePlumbago zeylanica zithuthukise ukuphulukiswa kwezilonda ezifundweni zangaphambi komtholampilo ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo zokulwa nokuguga kanye nezibulala-magciwane, zisekela ukusetshenziswa kwazo endaweni e-Ayurveda (Kumar, D., Patil, P. A., Roy, S., Kholkute, S. D., Hegde, H. V., & Nair, V., 2015, AYU, 36(3), 329–334).
5. Imiphumela Elwa Nesifo Sikashukela: USunil et al. (2012) uthole nokuthi isithako sezimpande zePlumbago zeylanica sehlise amazinga kashukela egazini emagundwini anesifo sikashukela abangelwa yi-streptozotocin ngokuthuthukisa ukuthutha kwe-GLUT4, okubonisa amandla okulawula uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sohlobo lwe-2 (Sunil, C., Duraipandiyan, V., Agastian, P., & Ignacimuthu, S., 2012, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50(12), 4356-4363).
6. Umsebenzi Wokuvikela Isibindi: UFalang et al. (2012) ubonise ukuthi isithako sezimpande zePlumbago zeylanica sivikele ekulimaleni kwesibindi okubangelwa yi-paracetamol emagundwini, okusikisela izinzuzo zokuvikela isibindi ngenxa yezakhiwo zaso zokulwa nokuguga (Falang, K. D., Uguru, M. O., Wannang, N. N., et al., 2012, Scholars Research Library, 2(5), 563-567).
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Njalo NgePlumbago zeylanica
1. IPlumbago zeylanica isetshenziselwa ini emithini yesintu?
Isetshenziswa e-Ayurveda ukwelapha izinkinga zokugaya ukudla, ukukhuluphala, izimo zesikhumba, izifo, nokuvuvukala ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokuqeda umoya, zokulwa namagciwane, kanye nezokulwa nokuguga.
2. Ingabe i-Plumbago zeylanica ingasiza ngokunciphisa umzimba?
Yebo, ingase isekele ukunciphisa umzimba ngokuthuthukisa umsebenzi womzimba nokunciphisa ukunqwabelana kwamafutha, njengoba kuchazwe izimangalo ze-Ayurvedic, kodwa ubufakazi besayensi buncane, futhi iseluleko sikadokotela siyanconywa.
3. Ingabe i-Plumbago zeylanica iphephile ukuyisebenzisa?
Ngamanani amancane, ivamise ukuphepha, kodwa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kungabangela ukucasuka kwesisu noma ubuthi ngenxa ye-plumbagin. Njalo thintana nomhlinzeki wezempilo ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.
4. I-Plumbago zeylanica idliwa kanjani?
Ingathathwa ngomlomo njengempushana, isicatshisiwe, noma ngezinhlanganisela ezifana ne-Chitrakadi Vati, noma isetshenziswe ngaphandle njengento yokuthambisa izimo zesikhumba, njengoba kunqunywe umgqebhezana we-Ayurvedic.
5. Ingabe i-Plumbago zeylanica inemiphumela emibi?
Amanani aphezulu angabangela i-gastritis, imizwa evuthayo, noma ubuthi. Ayinconywa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe noma abancelisayo ngaphandle kokuqondiswa kwezokwelapha.
6. Ingabe i-Plumbago zeylanica ingelapha isifo sikashukela?
Ucwaningo lwangaphambi kokwelashwa lusikisela ukuthi lungase lwehlise amazinga kashukela egazini, kodwa ukuhlolwa kwabantu kuyantula. Thintana nodokotela ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa ekuphatheni isifo sikashukela.
7. Ingabe i-Plumbago zeylanica iyasebenza ezimweni zesikhumba?
Izakhiwo zayo zokulwa namagciwane nezokupholisa izilonda ziyenza ibe usizo ezifweni zesikhumba nasezilondeni uma isetshenziswa njengento yokuthambisa, kodwa isiqondiso sochwepheshe siyanconywa.
8. Yiziphi izingxenye ze-Plumbago zeylanica ezisetshenziswayo?
Izimpande zivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwazo okuphezulu kwe-plumbagin, kodwa amaqabunga neziqu nakho kuqukethe izinhlanganisela ezinenzuzo zezicelo ezihlukahlukene zezempilo.
Unemibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, zizwe ukhululekile ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Siyakukhuthaza futhi ukuthi wabelane ngalolu lwazi nabanye abangase bazuze kulo. Njengoba singenakukwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, sikwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni igama. Siyabonga kakhulu ngosekelo lwakho nangokwabelana!
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko senzelwe izinjongo zemfundo nolwazi kuphela. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezichaziwe zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi nolwazi lwendabuko. Azithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha, ukuxilongwa, noma ukwelashwa. Njalo thintana nochwepheshe wezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi imithi yamakhambi noma yemvelo ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
Funda Futhi: Omagazini Bezolimo Abahamba Phambili Ongathumela Kubona Umsebenzi Wakho