I-Erythrophleum africanum, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-African Erythrophleum noma i-Eku, ngumuthi oyingxenye yomndeni we-Leguminosae. Ngezimpawu zayo ezihlukile nokuba khona emahlathini emvula ase-Afrika, lo muthi uthathe ukunaka kwabelaphi bendabuko kanye nososayensi banamuhla.
I-Erythrophleum africanum ngumuthi olahla amaqabunga angafinyelela ukuphakama okumangalisayo okungamamilimitha angafika kwangu-40 (izinyawo ezingu-131). Isiqu sawo esiqondile, esimbozwe amagxolo ansundu ngokubomvu axebuka abe yizicucu ezifana nephepha, sinikeza umuthi ukubukeka okuyingqayizivele nokubonakalayo.
Umbala wamagxolo unomthelela egameni lawo elivamile, njengoba elithi “Erythrophleum” lisho “umthambo obomvu” ngesiGreki, libhekisa ekubukekeni komuthi obomvu obuhlukile.
Amaqabunga omuthi ayashintshana, ayindilinga, futhi ahlanganisiwe, abonisa ukuhlelwa okufana noboya. Iqabunga ngalinye lakhiwe ngamapheya ambalwa amaqabunga amancane ahlukahluka ngenani, ngokuvamile kusukela kumapheya angu-8 kuya kwangu-14. Amaqabunga amancane ayindilinga futhi anemibala ecwebezelayo, eluhlaza okotshani obumnyama phezulu.
I-Erythrophleum africanum ikhiqiza amaqoqo ezimbali ezincane, ezinuka kamnandi ngokuvamile eziphuzi kancane kuya kokhilimu ngombala. Lezi zimbali zihlelwe zaba yizimbali eziminyene, okwengeza ekukhangeni komuthi. Izimbali zinikeza izikhwebu zembewu eziqukethe imbewu ebalulekile yomuthi.
Imbewu ye-Erythrophleum africanum iqukethwe ngaphakathi kwezikhwebu ezinde, ezingalinganisa kufika kuma-sentimitha angu-20 (amasentimitha angu-7.9) ngobude. Lezi zikhwebu zinombala obomvu-nsundu ohlukile ogcwalisa ukubukeka komuthi okuphelele. Imbewu ngokwayo insundu ngokumnyama futhi inomumo oyisicaba.
I-Erythrophleum africanum ivela emahlathini emvula aseNtshonalanga nase-Afrika Ephakathi, lapho ichuma khona ezindaweni ezinomswakama nezishisayo. Ivamise ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi ogeleza kahle, ngokuvamile eduze kwamabhange emifula nasemahlathini asezindaweni eziphansi. Ikhono lalesi sihlahla lokuzivumelanisa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi liba nomthelela ekwandeni kwaso ezifundeni ezahlukene.
Sekuyizizukulwane, imiphakathi yomdabu iye yaqaphela amandla okuphulukisa e-Erythrophleum africanum. Amagxolo, amaqabunga, nezimpande zalesi sihlahla zisetshenziswa emithini yendabuko ukwelapha izifo ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekuqedeni izinhlungu kuya ezinkingeni zokugaya.
Ikakhulukazi, amagxolo alesi sihlahla aqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezakha isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwalo ekwelapheni.
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ucwaningo seluqalile ukukhanyisa ngezithako zamakhemikhali ezithile ezibangela izakhiwo zalesi sihlahla zokwelapha. Lokhu kuholele ekwandeni kwentshisekelo yokusebenzisa amandla e-Erythrophleum africanum okwenza amalungiselelo emithi nemithi yamakhambi.
Funda Futhi: Izinzuzo Zezempilo Eziyi-10 Zokwelapha ze- Craspidospermum (Craspidospermum verticillatum)
Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha ze- Erythrophleum africanum (I-African Erythrophleum)
1. Ukukhululeka Kokuvuvukala: Amagxolo e-Erythrophleum africanum aqukethe izinhlanganisela ezinamandla zokulwa nokuvuvukala ezingasiza ekunciphiseni ubuhlungu, izinhlungu, nezimo ezahlukahlukene zokuvuvukala, njenge-arthritis nobuhlungu bemisipha.
2. Ukuvikeleka Emagciwaneni: Izithako ezikhishwe ku-Erythrophleum africanum zikhombise ukusebenza okukhulu ekulweni namagciwane, okwenza zisebenze ekulweni namagciwane, isikhunta, ngisho nezifo zegciwane.
3. Ukulawulwa Kobuhlungu: I-Erythrophleum africanum inezakhiwo zokuqeda izinhlungu ezinganikeza ukukhululeka ebuhlungwini, okwenza kube yinzuzo kubantu ababhekene nobuhlungu obungapheli noma ukungakhululeki.
4. Ukunciphisa Umkhuhlane: Imithi yendabuko isebenzise amagxolo alesi sitshalo ukunciphisa umkhuhlane nokuphatha izimpawu zezifo ezifana nomalaleveva.
5. Ukusekelwa Kwezempilo Yezinhliziyo: Izinhlanganisela ezitholakala ku-Erythrophleum africanum zingafaka isandla empilweni yenhliziyo ngokukhuthaza ukujikeleza kwegazi okunempilo futhi zinganciphisa ingozi yezimo ezihlobene nenhliziyo.
6. Impilo Yokuphefumula: Ezinye izakhi ezikhona kuzithako zalesi sitshalo zinamandla okudambisa izimo zokuphefumula njengokukhwehlela ne-bronchitis.
7. Ukuphulukiswa Kwezilonda: Amagxolo e-Erythrophleum africanum ayabonakala futhi ngezinto zawo zokupholisa izilonda. Kungasiza ekupholiseni ngokushesha futhi kusize ukuvimbela ukutheleleka.
8. Induduzo Yokugaya: Ngokwesiko, lesi sitshalo sisetshenziselwe ukubhekana nokungakhululeki kokugaya, okuphakamisa amandla aso okusekela impilo ye-gastrointestinal.
9. Ukuvikela Kwe-Antioxidant: Inothe nge-antioxidants, i-Erythrophleum africanum ingasiza ukuvikela amangqamuzana ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative, inciphisa ingozi yezifo ezingamahlalakhona ezihlotshaniswa nomonakalo wamahhala wama-radical.
10. Amandla Okulwa Nezilumo: Ezinye izinhlanganisela ku-Erythrophleum africanum kukholakala ukuthi zinamandla okunciphisa ukukhathazeka, okungase kube nomthelela ekuphathweni kwezinkinga ezihlobene nokukhathazeka.
11. Ukulawulwa Kwesifo Sikashukela: Ucwaningo oluqalayo luphakamisa ukuthi lesi sitshalo singase sibe nendima ekulawuleni amazinga kashukela egazini, okusenza sibe yimpahla engaba khona kubantu abanesifo sikashukela.
12. Izakhiwo Eziyimelene Nomdlavuza: Nakuba kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe, ezinye izifundo ziye zaphakamisa ngemiphumela engaba khona yomdlavuza yesitshalo ngenxa yezinhlanganisela zaso ze-bioactive.
13. Impilo Yesibindi: Imithi yendabuko isebenzise izingxenye zalesi sitshalo ukukhuthaza impilo yesibindi nokusekela izinqubo zokukhipha ubuthi.
14, Ukuthuthukisa Amasosha Omzimba: Izinhlanganisela ze-bioactive ze-Erythrophleum africanum zingase zibe nezakhiwo eziguqula amasosha omzimba, ezisiza izindlela zokuzivikela zomzimba.
15. Impilo Yamalunga: Izakhiwo ezilwa nokuvuvukala zalesi sitshalo zingase zidlulele ekusekeleni impilo yamalunga nokunciphisa izimpawu zezimo ezinjengokuvuvukala kwamalunga.
16. Ukulawulwa Kwengcindezi Yegazi: Izinhlanganisela ezitholakala esitshalweni zingase zibe nomthelela ekulawuleni amazinga engcindezi yegazi.
17. Ukusekela Uhlelo Lwezinzwa: I-Erythrophleum africanum isetshenziswe ngokwesiko ukusekela impilo yohlelo lwezinzwa, okungase kuzuzise izimo ezinjenge-neuropathy.
18. Impilo Yamathambo: Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezisesitshalweni zingase zibe nendima empilweni yamathambo futhi zibe nomthelela ekuvimbeleni izifo ezihlobene namathambo.
19. Izimo zesikhumba: Izakhiwo ze-Erythrophleum africanum zokulwa namagciwane nokuvuvukala zingenza kube usizo ekwelapheni izimo ezithile zesikhumba.
20. Amandla okulwa namagciwane: Nakuba kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe, ezinye izifundo ziye zasikisela ukuthi izithako ezitholakala kulesi sitshalo zingase zibe nomsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane.
Funda Futhi: Izinzuzo Zezempilo Eziyi-10 Ze-Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus)
Izindlela Zokusetshenziswa Ukuze Kutholakale Izinzuzo Zezempilo ze-Erythrophleum africanum (African Erythrophleum)
1. Ukumnika Itiye Lezimbali: Lungiselela itiye lezimbali ngokubilisa amagxolo omisiwe, amaqabunga, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili kwe-Erythrophleum africanum. Cwilisa izinto ezomile zezitshalo emanzini ashisayo cishe imizuzu eyi-10-15, bese uhluza uphuze uketshezi olumnandi. Amathiyi ezimbali yindlela ethambile yokukhipha izinhlanganisela ezinenzuzo zesitshalo.
2. Ukubilisa: Ukuze uthole ukulungiselela okugxile kakhulu, dala ukubilisa ngokubilisa amagxolo e-Erythrophleum africanum aqoshiwe emanzini isikhathi eside. Le ndlela ilusizo ngokukhethekile ekukhipheni izinhlanganisela ezingase zingancibiliki kangako emanzini.
3. I-Tincture: Lungiselela i-tincture ngokucwilisa amagxolo omisiwe noma amaqabunga e-Erythrophleum africanum otshwaleni, njenge-vodka noma i-rum, amasonto amaningana. Le ndlela inhle kakhulu ekulondolozweni kwesikhathi eside kwezakhi ezisebenzayo zesitshalo.
4. Izicelo Zendawo: Dala ama-poultice noma amafutha okugcoba ngokugaya amagxolo omisiwe e-Erythrophleum africanum abe yimpuphu enhle bese uyixuba namafutha okuthwala noma esinye isisekelo esifanele. Faka le nqumbi endaweni ethintekile ukuze uthole impumuzo yendawo ebuhlungwini, ukuvuvukala, noma ezimeni zesikhumba.
5. Amaphilisi namathebulethi: Ukuze uthole ukusetshenziswa okulula, ungathola i-Erythrophleum africanum extracts ngendlela yamaphilisi noma amathebulethi avela kubahlinzeki bezitshalo abathembekile. Landela imiyalelo yomthamo enconyiwe enikeziwe.
6. Ukufakwa Kwamafutha: Faka amagxolo noma amaqabunga e-Erythrophleum africanum emafutheni okuthwala, njengamafutha kakhukhunathi noma omnqumo, ukuze udale amafutha emithi. Lawa mafutha angasetshenziswa ukubhucunga noma izicelo zendawo.
7. Ukwakhiwa Kwesintu: Izangoma ngokuvamile zihlanganisa i-Erythrophleum africanum nezinye izitshalo ukuze zenze izinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi eziklanyelwe izinkinga ezithile zempilo. Funa isiqondiso kubasebenzi abanolwazi noma izazi zezitshalo zalokhu kulungiselelwa.
8. Ukubonisana Nochwepheshe Bezempilo: Ngaphambi kokuqala noma yiluphi uhlelo olusha lwamakhambi, kubalulekile ukubonisana nochwepheshe bezempilo, ikakhulukazi uma unezimo zempilo ezikhona ngaphambili, ukhulelwe noma uncelisa, noma uphuza imithi. Bangakunikeza isiqondiso somuntu siqu futhi baqinisekise ukusetshenziswa okuphephile kwe-Erythrophleum africanum ezimweni zakho ezihlukile.
Imiphumela Engemihle Yokusebenzisa Isitshalo Semithi i-Erythrophleum africanum
1. Ukuphazamiseka Kwamathumbu: Kwezinye izimo, ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo e-Erythrophleum africanum kungaholela ekungakhululeki kwamathumbu, okuhlanganisa isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, kanye nohudo. Lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu ngemithamo ephezulu noma abantu abazwelayo.
2. Ukungezwani Komzimba: Abantu abazwela izitshalo ezingaphakathi komndeni wakwa-Leguminosae noma abanokungezwani okwaziwayo nezinhlanganisela ezithile bangase babe nokusabela kokungezwani komzimba, okuhlanganisa ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ukulunywa, noma ukuqubuka lapho bethintana nayo.
3. Ukusebenzisana Kwemithi: I-Erythrophleum africanum iqukethe izinhlanganisela ze-bioactive ezingasebenzisana nemithi ethile. Uma uphuza imithi kadokotela noma unezimo zezempilo ezingaphansi, thintana nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa lesi sitshalo ukuze ugweme ukusebenzisana okungenzeka.
4. Ukukhulelwa Nokuncelisa: Abantu abakhulelwe nabancelisayo kufanele baqaphele lapho besebenzisa i-Erythrophleum africanum, njengoba kunocwaningo olulinganiselwe ngokuphepha kwayo kulezi zimo. Kuyatuseka ukuthi uthintane nomhlinzeki wezempilo ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.
5. Ukuzwela Umthamo: Njengasemithini eminingi yamakhambi, ukusebenza kanye nemiphumela emibi engaba khona ye-Erythrophleum africanum kungahluka kuye ngomthamo. Ukuqala ngomthamo ophansi bese kancane kancane ukhuphuka kungasiza ekunciphiseni ubungozi bokuphendula okungalungile.
6. Ukuzwela Komuntu Ngamunye: Umzimba womuntu wonke usabela ngokuhlukile emithini yamakhambi. Abanye abantu bangase bangabi nayo imiphumela emibi, kuyilapho abanye bangase bazwele kakhulu. Naka ukusabela komzimba wakho bese uyayeka ukuyisebenzisa uma uhlangabezana nanoma yikuphi ukungakhululeki.
7. Imiphumela Yezinzwa: Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezitholakala ku-Erythrophleum africanum zingase zibe nemiphumela ohlelweni lwezinzwa. Uma uba nesiyezi, ukudideka, noma izinguquko esimeni senhlalakahle, kunconywa ukuthi uyeke ukuyisebenzisa futhi uthintane nochwepheshe bezempilo.
8. Ukusebenza Kwesibindi: Nakuba i-Erythrophleum africanum isetshenziselwe ukusekela impilo yesibindi ngokwesiko, kubalulekile ukuqapha ukusabela komzimba wakho. Uma unezimo zesibindi ezikhona noma usebenzisa imithi ethinta isibindi, thintana nomhlinzeki wezempilo ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.
9. Izingane Nabadala: Kuqaphelisiswa kakhulu uma ucabangela ukusetshenziswa kwe-Erythrophleum africanum ezinganeni noma kwabadala. Imizimba yabo ingase isabele ngendlela ehlukile emalungiselelweni amakhambi, futhi kunconywa ukuthi uthintane nochwepheshe bezempilo.
10. Izimo Eseziyatholakala: Abantu abanezimo zempilo ezingaphansi, njengezinkinga zezinso, izinkinga zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, noma izifo zokuzivikela, kufanele bathintane nomhlinzeki wezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-Erythrophleum africanum.
Inani Lokudla Okunomsoco le-Erythrophleum africanum (i-African Erythrophleum)
1. Ama-Saponin: Amaqabunga namagxolo aqukethe ama-saponin (1.16% w/v emaqabungeni), angase abe nezakhiwo zokuvuvukala kodwa angaba nobuthi ngamanani aphezulu, okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwawo okunomsoco.
2. Ama-Tannin: Atholakala emaqabungeni (0.17% ama-tannin eqiniso, 0.23% ama-pseudotannin), ama-tannin anegalelo emsebenzini we-antioxidant kodwa anganciphisa ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba uma zidliwe ngokweqile.
3. Ama-Flavonoidi: Atholakala ekukhishweni kwamaqabunga nezingxolo, ama-flavonoidi anikeza izinzuzo ze-antioxidant, okungahle kuvikele ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative kanye nokuvuvukala.
4. Ama-Alkaloidi: Lesi sitshalo sine-alkaloidi (4.34% w/v emaqabungeni), okungahle kube nezakhiwo zokwelapha kodwa akuyona umthombo oqondile wokudla ngenxa yobuthi obungaba khona.
5. Ama-Cardiac Glycoside: Atholakala emaqabungeni, lezi zinhlanganisela ziyasebenza ngokwe-pharmacological kodwa azizuzisi ngokomsoco futhi zingaba nobuthi.
6. Ama-Phenol: Atholakala ekukhishweni kwezingxolo, ama-phenol anegalelo emsebenzini we-antioxidant, esekela impilo yeselula ngokungathathi hlangothi ama-radicals amahhala.
7. Ama-Quinone: Atholakala egxolweni, ama-quinone angase abe nezakhiwo zokulwa namagciwane, nakuba indima yawo yokudla incane.
8. Ama-Glycoside: Atholakala emaqabungeni nasezingxolweni, ama-glycoside anezinzuzo ezingaba khona zokwelapha kodwa awuwona umthombo obalulekile wokudla.
9. Ama-Steroid: Atholakala ekukhishweni kwezingxolo, ama-steroid angase abe nemiphumela evimbela ukuvuvukala kodwa ngokuvamile awadliwa ukuze uthole ukudla okunomsoco.
10. I-Dihydromyricetin: I-flavonoid esitshalweni, inezakhiwo ze-antioxidant kanye nezingaba khona zokuphikisana nesifo sikashukela, enikeza inani elilinganiselwe lokudla okunomsoco.
Ubufakazi Besayensi Nezifundo Zamacala nge-Erythrophleum africanum (I-African Erythrophleum)
1. [Hassan] [et al.], 2007: Lolu cwaningo luphenye izakhi zamakhemikhali kanye nobuthi be-aqueous leaf extracts ye-[Erythrophleum africanum]. Luthole ama-saponin, ama-tannin, ama-flavonoid, nama-alkaloid, luphawula ubuthi obukhulu ngemithamo ephezulu (2000–3000 mg/kg), ngokulimala kwesibindi nezinso kumagundane, okusikisela ukuqapha ekusetshenzisweni kwayo.
[Hassan, S. W., Ladan, M. J., Dogondaji, R. A., Umar, R. A., Bilbis, L. S., Hassan, L. G., Ebbo, A. A., & Matazu, I. K. (2007). Phytochemical and toxicological studies of aqueous leaves extracts of Erythrophleum africanum. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10(22), 3815-3821.
2. [Tukur] [et al.], 2022: Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise amandla e-antioxidant e-stem bark extracts (i-acetone, i-methanol, namanzi) ye-[Erythrophleum africanum]. Ucwaningo luqinisekise ukuba khona kwama-flavonoid, ama-phenol, nama-tannin, nama-acetone ne-methanol extracts ebonisa umsebenzi oqinile we-antioxidant uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ascorbic acid, okusekela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwendabuko ezimeni ezihlobene nokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative.
[Tukur, A., Musa, N. M., Ismail, M., Yusuf, M., & Abdullahi, T. J. (2022). Phytochemical screening and evaluation of the antioxidant potentials of the stem bark extracts of Erythrophleum africanum (African blackwood). Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry, 4(3), 202-208.
3. Adu-Amoah et al., 2014: Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise ubuthi be-Erythrophleum ivorense, uhlobo oluhlobene nalo, kodwa lwafaka imininingwane ngohlobo lwe-Erythrophleum. Luqaphele amaphrofayli afanayo e-phytochemical kanye nobungozi bobuthi, kuqinisa ukuthi izinhlanganisela ze-bioactive ze-E. africanum zidinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ngenxa yemiphumela emibi engaba khona.
Adu-Amoah, L., Agyare, C., Kisseih, E., Ayande, P. G., & Mensah, K. B. (2014). Ukuhlolwa kobuthi be-Erythrophleum ivorense ne-Parquetina nigrescens. Imibiko Yobuthi, 1, 411-420.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Njalo Nge-Erythrophleum africanum (I-African Erythrophleum)
1. Ingabe i-Erythrophleum africanum iphephile ukuthi ingadliwa?
Cha, ngokuvamile ayiphephile ukuyidla ngenxa yezinhlanganisela zayo ezinobuthi, njenge-alkaloids nama-cardiac glycosides, angadala umonakalo esibindini nasezinso ngemithamo ephezulu.
2. Yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kwe-Erythrophleum africanum?
Ngokwesiko isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo, ukuvuvukala, nezimo ezihlobene nokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative ngenxa yezinhlanganisela zayo ze-antioxidant njengama-flavonoids nama-phenols.
3. Ingabe i-Erythrophleum africanum ingasetshenziswa emithini yanamuhla?
Izinhlanganisela zayo ze-bioactive zibonisa ithemba lezicelo ze-antioxidant ne-antimicrobial, kodwa ukukhathazeka ngobuthi kukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngaphandle kocwaningo olwengeziwe.
4. Iziphi izingxenye ze-Erythrophleum africanum ezisetshenzisiwe?
Amagxolo namaqabunga yiwona avame ukusetshenziswa emithini yendabuko, nakuba kufanele kucutshungulwe ngokucophelela ukunciphisa ubuthi.
5. Ingabe i-Erythrophleum africanum inezinzuzo zemvelo?
Yebo, ingasetshenziswa ocingweni oluphilayo futhi inikeze ngokhuni oluqinile lokwakha, olumelana nezintwala nezinye izinambuzane.
6. I-Erythrophleum africanum inobuthi obungakanani ezilwaneni?
Inobuthi kakhulu ezilwaneni ezidla utshani, amagqabi namagxolo kubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo, kufaka phakathi izinkinga ezingaba khona zenhliziyo nezokugaya ukudla.
7. Ingabe i-Erythrophleum africanum ingakhuliswa ekhaya?
Ingakhuliswa ezindaweni ezishisayo noma ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele nenhlabathi ekhipha amanzi kahle, kepha ubuthi bayo buyenza ingafaneleki izivande zasekhaya ngaphandle kobungcweti.
8. Yimaphi amakhemikhali atholakala ku-Erythrophleum africanum?
Iqukethe ama-saponin, ama-tannin, ama-flavonoid, ama-alkaloid, ama-phenol, ama-quinone, ama-glycoside, nama-steroid, afaka isandla ezintweni zayo zokwelapha nobuthi.
Unemibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, zizwe ukhululekile ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Siyakukhuthaza futhi ukuthi wabelane ngalolu lwazi nabanye abangase bazuze kulo. Njengoba singenakufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, siwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngosekelo lwakho nangokwabelana!
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko senzelwe izinjongo zemfundo nokwazisa kuphela. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezichaziwe zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi nolwazi lwendabuko. Azithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha, ukuxilongwa, noma ukwelashwa kochwepheshe. Njalo thintana nochwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi imithi yezitshalo noma yemvelo ngezinjongo zezokwelapha.
Funda Nalokhu: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wokutshala Izitshalo Ngendlela Elula