I-Hoodia gordonii, eyaziwa kakhulu njenge-Hoodia Plant iyilungu lomndeni we-Apocynaceae, iyisitshalo esiyingqayizivele esitholakala ezindaweni ezomile zaseNingizimu Afrika. Ukubukeka kwayo okuphawulekayo nokuzivumelanisa okuyingqayizivele kuye kwathatha ukunaka kwezazi zezitshalo nabacwaningi emhlabeni wonke.
I-Hoodia gordonii iyisitshalo esihlala njalo esibonakala ngeziqu zaso ezishubile, ezinamanzi namahlamvu. Isiqu salesi sitshalo siqondile, sinombala oluhlaza okumpunga kuya konsundu, futhi singakhula sifike kumitha elingu-1 ngobude. Iziqu zimbozwe ngemigqa yezakhiwo ezincane, ezifana nama-tubercle, okuzinikeza ukuthungwa okuhlukile.
Amahlamvu e-Hoodia gordonii ancishiswe abe yizakhiwo ezincane, ezifana nezikali ezimboza umphumela wesiqu. Lawa mahlamvu adlala indima encane ku-photosynthesis, njengoba isiqu ngokwaso sigcina amanzi nezakhamzimba. Ukuncishiswa kwamahlamvu kuwukuzivumelanisa nendawo eyomile lapho isitshalo sichuma khona.
I-Hoodia gordonii ikhiqiza izimbali ezinkulu, ezikhangayo ezimise okwenkanyezi futhi zinemibala ephaphathekile onsomi. Izimbali zivela ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zesiqu futhi zingafinyelela ububanzi obungaba amasentimitha angu-5. Lezi zimbali azigcini nje ngokukhanga kodwa futhi zidlala indima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wokuzala wesitshalo.
Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu nge-Hoodia gordonii yindlela yayo eyingqayizivele yokukhanga izithombo. Izimbali ze-Hoodia gordonii zikhipha iphunga elinamandla, elibi elifana nenyama ebolile. Leli phunga elihlukile lenzelwe ukukhanga izimpukane, ezisebenza njengezithombo eziyinhloko zesitshalo. Lokhu kuzivumelanisa nezimo kuqinisekisa impumelelo yokuvuthwa kwezimbali ngisho nasendaweni eqinile yasehlane lapho ezinye izithombo zingase zibe yivelakancane.
I-Hoodia gordonii izivumelanise kahle nokusinda ezimeni ezinzima zendawo yayo yemvelo. Iziqu zayo ezinamanzi zigcina amanzi, okuvumela isitshalo ukuba simelane nezikhathi ezinde zesomiso. Indawo encishisiwe yeqabunga inciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngokuthuthumela, kuyilapho iphunga elibi lezimbali likhanga izithombo ezidingekayo zokuzala.
Ngenxa yokuduma kwayo ngezindawo zayo ezingase zicindezele isifiso sokudla, i-Hoodia gordonii yabhekana nokuvunwa ngokweqile esikhathini esidlule. Ukuze kuvikelwe izinhlobo zezilwane kanye ne-ecosystem yalo yasehlane ebuthakathaka, ukuhweba kwalo manje kulawulwa ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Imizamo yokongiwa ihlose ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okusimeme kwalesi sitshalo esiphawulekayo ngenkathi kulondolozwa indawo yaso yemvelo.
Funda Futhi: Izikhwebu zeSoybean: Ukubaluleka Kwezomnotho, Ukusetshenziswa kanye Nemikhiqizo evela Eceleni
Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha ze-Hoodia gordonii (Isitshalo se-Hoodia)
1. Ukucindezelwa Kwesifiso Sokudla: I-Hoodia gordonii mhlawumbe idume kakhulu ngekhono layo lokunqanda isifiso sokudla. Izinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo zesitshalo kukholakala ukuthi zisebenzisana nesikhungo sobuchopho esilambile, zithumela izimpawu zokugcwala futhi zinciphisa isifiso sokudla ngokweqile. Le ndawo yokucindezela isifiso sokudla yemvelo ithathe isithakazelo salabo abafuna ukulawula isisindo sabo ngempumelelo.
2. Ukulawula Isisindo: Imiphumela yokunciphisa isifiso sokudla ye-Hoodia gordonii iholele ekufakweni kwayo ezinhlelweni zokulawula isisindo. Ngokusiza abantu ukulawula ukudla kwabo kwamakhalori, i-Hoodia gordonii ingaba negalelo ekuzuzeni nasekugcineni isisindo esinempilo.
3. Ukulawula Ushukela Egazini: Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo luphakamisa ukuthi i-Hoodia gordonii ingasiza ekuzinziniseni amazinga kashukela egazini. Lokhu kungaba usizo ikakhulukazi kubantu abanesifo sikashukela noma labo abasengozini yokuba nesifo sikashukela.
4. Amazinga Amandla Athuthukisiwe: Abanye abasebenzisi babika amazinga amandla enyukile ngemuva kokusebenzisa i-Hoodia gordonii. Lokhu kukhushulwa kwamandla kungabangelwa imiphumela yesitshalo yokunciphisa isifiso sokudla, okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhalori ngokweqile nokushayeka kwamandla okulandelayo.
5. Ukusekelwa Kwezempilo Yokugaya Ukudla: Ngamandla ayo okuqukatha i-fiber, i-Hoodia gordonii ingasiza ekukhuthazeni ukugayeka kokudla okunempilo nokuvama kwamathumbu.
6. Ukukhuthaza Umsebenzi Womzimba: Ithonya le-Hoodia gordonii emetabolism kuyisici esithakazelisayo. Ngokuthuthukisa izinqubo ze-metabolic, isitshalo singadlala indima ekusekeleni ukunciphisa umzimba nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele.
7. Ukuthuthukisa Isimo Senhlalakahle: Ngenkathi kudingeka ucwaningo olwengeziwe, i-Hoodia gordonii iye yahlotshaniswa nemiphumela ethuthukisa isimo senhlalakahle kwezinye izifundo. Umthelela wayo ezindleleni ezithile zobuchopho ungaba negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesimo senhlalakahle nenhlalakahle.
8. Ukulawula I-Cholesterol: Izinhlanganisela ezithile ezitholakala ku-Hoodia gordonii zingaba negalelo ekugcineni amazinga e-cholesterol anempilo, okubalulekile empilweni yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
9. Izakhiwo ze-Antioxidant: Kukholakala ukuthi i-Hoodia gordonii inezakhiwo ze-antioxidant ezisiza ukulwa nokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, okungase kunciphise ingozi yezifo ezingapheli.
10. Ukusekelwa Kokhilimu: Ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwendabuko, i-Hoodia gordonii yayidliwa ukuqeda ukoma phakathi nohambo olude ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isitshalo singase sibe nemiphumela ethuthukisa ukukhilimu.
Funda Futhi: Amazinga Okuphakelwa Kwenhlanzi Yezindlebe Emazingeni Okushisa Amanzi angama-29-30°C
Izindlela Zokusetshenziswa Ukuze Kutholakale Izinzuzo Zempilo Ze-Hoodia gordonii (Isitshalo se-Hoodia)
1. Ukuhlafuna Isitshalo Esomile: Ngokwesiko, iziqu ze-Hoodia gordonii zazihlafunwa zomile ukuze kuzuze emiphumeleni yazo yokucindezela isifiso sokudla. Ukuhlafuna isitshalo esomile kukhulula izinhlanganisela zaso ezisebenzayo, ezixhumana nesikhungo sendlala yobuchopho, okusho umuzwa wokugcwala. Le ndlela ivumela indlela eqondile neyemvelo yokulawula isifiso sokudla.
2. Ama-Tea e-Hoodia Gordonii: Enye indlela yokusebenzisa i-Hoodia gordonii ukwenza itiye kusuka ezingxenyeni zezitshalo zayo ezomile. La matiye anganikeza izinzuzo ezifanayo zokucindezela isifiso sokudla futhi ayindlela elula kulabo abathanda isiphuzo esifudumele.
3. Izithako kanye Nezithasiselo: I-Hoodia gordonii ivame ukutholakala ngendlela yezithako, amaphilisi, nezithasiselo. Le mikhiqizo inikeza umthamo ogxilile wezinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo zesitshalo. Lapho ukhetha izithako noma izithasiselo, kubalulekile ukukhetha imikhiqizo ehlonishwayo enikeza imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu, ejwayelekile.
4. Izicelo Zendawo: Nakuba kungavamile kangako, eminye imikhiqizo yokunakekela isikhumba ifaka i-Hoodia gordonii ukuze kuzuze impilo yesikhumba. Le mikhiqizo ingase ihlose ukubhekana nezinkinga ezifana nokoma, ukucasuka, noma ukuvuvukala.
5. Ukuhlanganisa Nokudla Okulinganiselayo Nokuzivocavoca: Ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu, cabangela ukufaka i-Hoodia gordonii ekudleni okunomsoco nokuzivocavoca njalo. Nakuba imiphumela yesitshalo yokucindezela isifiso sokudla ingasekela ukulawula ama-calorie, indlela ephelele yokuphila enempilo ihlanganisa ukudla okunengqondo nokuzivocavoca njalo.
6. Isiqondiso Sochwepheshe: Ngaphambi kokufaka i-Hoodia gordonii endleleni yakho yokuphila enempilo, kubalulekile ukuthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo, ikakhulukazi uma unezimo zempilo ezingapheli, usebenzisa imithi, ukhulelwe noma uncelisa. Isiqondiso sochwepheshe siqinisekisa ukuthi i-Hoodia gordonii iyindlela ephephile futhi efanelekayo yokuphila kwakho.
7. Ukucatshangelwa Kwemithamo: Uma usebenzisa izithako ze-Hoodia gordonii noma izithasiselo, landela imiyalelo yemithamo enconyiwe enikezwe umenzi noma umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo. Ukuthatha okuningi kakhulu noma okuncane kakhulu kungathinta ukusebenza kwezinzuzo zezempilo zalesi sitshalo.
8. Qaphela Ukusabela Komzimba Wakho: Ukusabela komuntu ngamunye ku-Hoodia gordonii kungahluka. Naka ukuthi umzimba wakho usabela kanjani nokuthi uba nanoma yiluphi ushintsho esifisweni sokudla, amazinga wamandla, noma inhlalakahle yonke. Lungisa ukusetshenziswa kwakho ngokufanele.
Imiphumela Eside Yokusebenzisa Isitshalo Semithi I-Hoodia gordonii
1. Izinkinga Zokugaya Ukudla: Abanye abantu bangase babe nokungakhululeki okuncane kokugaya ukudla, njengokucasuka kwesisu noma ukungagayeki kahle kokudla, lapho bedla i-Hoodia gordonii. Uma uqaphela noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu, kuyatuswa ukuthi uyeke ukuyisebenzisa futhi uthintane nochwepheshe bezempilo.
2. Ukushaya Kwenhliziyo Okusheshayo: Kwezinye izimo, i-Hoodia gordonii ingase iholele ekukhuphukeni kwezinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo. Uma unesifo senhliziyo noma usebenzisa imithi ethinta izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela futhi uthintane nomhlinzeki wezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-Hoodia gordonii.
3. Ukusebenzisana Nemithi: I-Hoodia gordonii ingasebenzisana nemithi ethile, okuhlanganisa naleyo yesifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi, nezimo zenhliziyo. Uma usebenzisa imithi, thintana nochwepheshe bakho bezempilo ngaphambi kokufaka i-Hoodia gordonii ukuze ugweme noma yikuphi ukusebenzisana okungalungile.
4. Ukukhulelwa Nokuncelisa: Abantu abakhulelwe nabancelisayo kufanele bagweme ukusebenzisa i-Hoodia gordonii ngenxa yokuntuleka kocwaningo olwanele ngokuphepha kwayo kulaba bantu. Kuhlale kutuswa ukubeka phambili inhlalakahle yomama kanye nomntwana osakhulayo.
5. Ukungezwani Komzimba: Nakuba kungavamile, abanye abantu bangase babe nokungezwani komzimba ne-Hoodia gordonii noma izakhi zayo. Uma uba nanoma yiziphi izimpawu zokungezwani komzimba, njengokubabala, ukulunywa, noma ukuvuvuka, yeka ukuyisebenzisa futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha.
6. Ukulawulwa nekhwalithi: Imboni yezithasiselo ayilawulwa ngokuqinile njengemithi, okusho ukuthi kungaba khona ukuhluka kwekhwalithi namandla emikhiqizo ye-Hoodia gordonii. Khetha imikhiqizo ehlonishwayo futhi uthintane nochwepheshe bezempilo ukuze uthole izincomo.
7. Akuyona Indawo Yokushintsha Indlela Yokuphila Elinganiselayo: Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba i-Hoodia gordonii ingasiza ekucindezeleni isifiso sokudla, akufanele ibhekwe njengesixazululo esizimele sokulawula isisindo. Ukudla okunomsoco olinganiselayo, ukuzivocavoca njalo, kanye nendlela yokuphila enempilo ngokuvamile kuhlala kubalulekile ekufezeni impilo enhle yesikhathi eside.
8. Ukuhluka Komuntu Ngamunye: Ukusabela komuntu ngamunye ku-Hoodia gordonii kungahluka kakhulu. Abanye abantu bangase babe nokuncipha okukhulu kwesifiso sokudla, kuyilapho abanye bengase bangaqapheli imiphumela ebonakalayo. Kubalulekile ukuphatha okulindelwe kwakho futhi unake ukuthi umzimba wakho usabela kanjani.
Inani Lokudla Okunempilo le-Hoodia gordonii (Isitshalo se-Hoodia)
1. Ama-Pregnane Glycosides: I-Hoodia gordonii iqukethe ama-pregnane glycosides, ikakhulukazi i-P57, okukholakala ukuthi inegalelo emiphumeleni yayo yokucindezela isifiso sokudla ngokuthonya i-hypothalamus ukuthi isignale ukugcwala.
2. Ama-Saponins: Lezi zinhlanganisela zingasebenza ohlelweni oluphakathi lwezinzwa kanye nezinzwa eziseceleni, okungase kusize ekulawuleni isifiso sokudla, nakuba indima yazo eqondile isaphenywa.
3. Ama-Steroidal Glycosides: Izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-H.g.-12 ne-H.g.-20 zikhuthaza ukukhishwa kwe-cholecystokinin (CCK) emathunjini, okungase kuthuthukise imizwa yokusutha futhi kunciphise ukudla.
4. Ama-Antioxidants: I-Hoodia gordonii iqukethe izinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ezihlinzeka ngezinto ze-antioxidant, ezisiza ukulwa nokucindezeleka kwe-oxidative emzimbeni.
5. Ama-Alkaloids: Atholakala ngamanani amancane, ama-alkaloids angase abe negalelo ekusetshenzisweni kwesitshalo ngokwesiko njengomuthi wemvelo, nakuba imiphumela yawo ethize ingaqondakali ngokugcwele.
6. Ama-Triterpenes: Atholakala kwi-latex yesitshalo, ama-triterpenes angaba nezakhiwo zokuvikela ukuvuvukala, asekele ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko emithini yabantu.
7. Okuqukethwe Okuncane Kwamakholori: I-Hoodia gordonii inamakholori angenamsebenzi, okuyenza ibe umkhiqizo wezithasiselo zokunciphisa umzimba ngaphandle kokwengeza amandla amaningi.
8. I-Fiber: Iziqu ezinamanzi aqukethe amanani amancane e-fiber yokudla, engase isekele impilo yokugaya ukudla uma idliwe isisha, nakuba lokhu kuncane ezicatshangweni.
9. Amaminerali: Amaminerali amancane afana ne-calcium ne-magnesium akhona esitshalweni, kodwa hhayi ngobuningi obubalulekile ekunikezeni ukudla.
10. Izinhlanganisela Ezintengayo: Lezi zinegalelo nephunga elihlukile lesitshalo futhi zingase zibe nezakhiwo ezilwa namagciwane ezithambile, nakuba zingeyona ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla okunomsoco.
Inani eliyinhloko le-Hoodia gordonii lilele ezinhlanganisweni zayo eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi ama-pregnane glycosides, axhunyaniswe nokucindezelwa kwesifiso sokudla. Nakuba ingeyona umthombo obalulekile wezakhi zomsoco zendabuko ezifana namavithamini noma amaminerali, ama-phytochemicals ayo ahlukile ayenza ibe yinto ephawulekayo kuzithasiselo zokudla, nakuba kunconywa ukuqapha ngenxa yezifundo zabantu ezilinganiselwe.
Ubufakazi Besayensi Nezifundo Zamacala nge-Hoodia gordonii (Isitshalo se-Hoodia)
1. Ukucindezelwa Kwesifiso Sokudla Emagundwini: UMacLean (2004) uthole ukuthi i-P57, i-pregnane glycoside evela ku-Hoodia gordonii, yandisa amazinga e-ATP ye-hypothalamic emagundwini, yehlisa ukudla ngokuthumela isignali yokugcwala (MacLean, D. B. (2004). I-P57 evela ku-Hoodia gordonii ithinta i-ATP ye-hypothalamic. Brain Research, 1020(1-2), 1-11).
2. Ukuhlolwa Kwabantu: Blom et al. (2011) wenze ukuhlolwa kwezinsuku ezingu-15 nabesifazane abangama-49 abakhuluphele ngokweqile, wathola ukuthi akukho ukwehla kwesisindo okuphawulekayo noma ukuncipha kokudla ngokuthatha i-1,110 mg ye-Hoodia gordonii extract kabili ngosuku uma kuqhathaniswa ne-placebo, kodwa waphawula imiphumela emibi efana nesicanucanu nokukhuphuka komfutho wegazi (Blom, W. A. M., Abrahamse, S. L., Bradford, R., et al. (2011). Imiphumela yokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kwe-Hoodia gordonii purified extract izinsuku ezingu-15 ekuphepheni, ekudleni amandla ngokuthanda, nasesisindweni somzimba kwabesifazane abaphile kahle, abakhuluphele ngokweqile: Ukuhlolwa okulawulwayo okungahleliwe. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(5), 1171-1181).
3. Ukuncipha Kwesisindo Emagundwaneni: Smith et al. (2014) kubonise ukuthi i-Hoodia gordonii extract (80 noma 160 mg/kg) ibangela ukuncipha kwesisindo okuphawulekayo emagundwaneni azacile nakhuluphele ngokunciphisa izicubu ezinamafutha nezemisipha, nakuba ukulahleka kwemisipha kuphakamise ukukhathazeka (Smith, C., & Krygsman, A. (2014). I-Hoodia gordonii extract iqondisa izicubu ezinamafutha nezemisipha ukuze kufezeke ukuncipha kwesisindo emagundwaneni. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155(2), 1284-1290).
4. Ukukhishwa kwe-CCK: Le Nevé et al. (2010) kubonise ukuthi i-H.g.-12, i-steroidal glycoside evela ku-Hoodia gordonii, ivusa ukukhishwa kwe-CCK emathunjini amagundane nasemiceleni yabantu, kusekela ukucindezelwa kwesifiso sokudla nge-gut-brain axis (Le Nevé, B., Foltz, M., & Gouka, R. (2010). I-steroid glycoside H.g.-12 evela ku-Hoodia gordonii ivusa i-human bitter receptor TAS2R14 futhi ibangele ukukhululwa kwe-CCK kumaseli e-HuTu-80. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 299(5), G1187-G1195).
5. Imiphumela Ye-Metabolic: Madgula et al. (2010) bathola ukuthi i-P57 evela eHoodia gordonii iyamuncwa ngokushesha futhi iyasuswa kumagundane, okubonisa ukutholakala okungenzeka kodwa akukho zinguquko ezinkulu ze-metabolic kubantu (Madgula, V. L., Avula, B., Pawar, R. S., et al. (2010). Ukuchazwa kwezici ze-in vitro pharmacokinetic ze-hoodigogenin A evela eHoodia gordonii. Planta Medica, 76(1), 62-69).
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Njalo NgeHoodia gordonii (Isitshalo seHoodia)
1. I-Hoodia gordonii isetshenziselwa ini?
Isetshenziswa kakhulu njengesithasiselo sokunciphisa isifiso sokudla ekudleni, ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwendabuko yiKhoi-San ukunciphisa indlala ngesikhathi sokuzingela okude.
2. Ingabe i-Hoodia gordonii iyasebenza ekunciphiseni umzimba?
Ubufakazi besayensi buxubile; izifundo zezilwane zibonisa ukucindezelwa kwesifiso sokudla, kodwa izilingo zabantu, njengaleso esinabesifazane abangu-49, azitholanga ukuncipha okukhulu kwesisindo.
3. Ingabe imiphumela emibi ye-Hoodia gordonii ikhona?
Yebo, ezinye izifundo zibika isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, kanye nemizwa yesikhumba, ikakhulukazi ngemithamo ephezulu.
4. Ingabe i-Hoodia gordonii iphephile ukuyisebenzisa?
Ayiphephile ngokuphelele; izifundo zabantu ezilinganiselwe kanye nemiphumela emibi engaba khona, okuhlanganisa nezingozi zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, zibonisa ukuqapha, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kokuqondiswa udokotela.
5. Ingabe abesifazane abakhulelwe noma abancelisayo bangasebenzisa i-Hoodia gordonii?
Cha, ayikho idatha yokuphepha yokusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma sokuncelisa, ngakho-ke ayinconywa.
6. I-Hoodia gordonii idliwa kanjani?
Iyatholakala njengamaphilisi, izimpushana, itiye, noma ama-extract, ngokuvamile ihlanganiswe namanye amakhambi afana netiye eliluhlaza, nakuba iziqu ezintsha zazivame ukudliwa.
7. Kungani i-Hoodia gordonii isengozini?
Ukuvunwa ngokweqile, ukukhula kancane, kanye nesidingo esikhulu sezithasiselo kuholele esimweni sayo sokuba sengozini, esilawulwa ngaphansi kwe-CITES.
8. Ingabe i-Hoodia gordonii iyasebenzisana nemithi?
Ingasebenzisana nemithi egaywe yi-Cytochrome P450 3A4, okungase kwandise imiphumela emibi, ngakho-ke thintana nodokotela ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.
Unemibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Siphinde sikukhuthaze ukuthi wabelane ngalolu lwazi nabanye abangase bazuze kulo. Njengoba singenakufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, siyazisa ngempela usizo lwakho ekusakazeni igama. Ngiyabonga kakhulu ngosekelo lwakho nangokwabelana!
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko senzelwe izinjongo zemfundo nokwazisa kuphela. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezichaziwe zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi nolwazi lwendabuko. Azithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha esichwepheshile, ukuxilongwa, noma ukwelashwa. Njalo thintana nochwepheshe wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma iyiphi imithi yamakhambi noma yemvelo ngezinjongo zezokwelapha.
Funda Futhi: Indlela Yokulahla Kahle Udoti Wakho Kagesi (E-Wastes)