I-Boophone, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Boophone disticha, isitshalo esithakazelisayo esinezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zokwelapha eziye zaqashelwa amakhulu eminyaka. Lesi sitshalo esiqinile, esaziwa nangokuthi “Bushmans Poison” noma “Hottentots Bread,” siphethe ingcebo yezinzuzo zezempilo ezisenza sibe insiza ebalulekile emithini yendabuko.
I-Boophone inesakhiwo esiqinile nesicwebezelayo esisebenza njengendawo yokugcina izakhi ezibalulekile nezinhlanganisela ze-bioactive. Isibani sikhulu futhi simbozwe izendlalelo zamajazi angamaphepha avikela futhi agcine izinsiza ezibalulekile.
Amaqabunga e-Boophone made futhi afana nebhande, avela ngqo ku-bulb. Lawa mahlamvu angahluka ngobude, afinyelele kumasentimitha angu-60 noma ngaphezulu, futhi anombala oluhlaza ojulile ohluke kahle nendawo ezungezile.
I-inflorescence iphuma phakathi nendawo ye-bulb, ikhiqiza isiqu eside nesiqinile esingafinyelela ukuphakama okumangalisayo. Lolu hlanga luthela izimbali eziminyene ezinemininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi edonsa amehlo. Izimbali zibonisa izinhlobonhlobo zemibala, kusukela kokuphinki okuphaphathekile kuya kokunsomi okujulile, okwengeza ukugqama kokubukeka kwezitshalo sekukonke.
Izimbali ngazinye ze-Boophone zibonakala ngesakhiwo sazo esinamacembe ayisithupha, zakha umumo ofana nenkanyezi. Lawa macembe azungeze i-corona emaphakathi, okuvamise ukuba nombala ohlukile, okwenza ngcono ukubukeka kwesitshalo..
Izimbali zama-boophone azikhangi nje kuphela ngokubukeka kodwa futhi zikhipha iphunga elimnandi nelihehayo, ziheha abathumbi bempova kanye nabathanda ukwazi ngokufanayo.
I-Boophone ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezomile nezisagwadule, evame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinotshani, ama-savanna, nasezindaweni ezinamatshe. Ikhono layo lokubekezelela izimo ezinzima liwubufakazi bokuqina kwayo.
Lesi sitshalo sijwayelana kahle ukuze siphile isikhathi eside sesomiso, ngenxa yekhono laso lokugcina amanzi nezakhamzimba ngaphakathi kwesibani saso. Lelisu lokusinda lenza i-Boophone iqhakaze ngisho nasezimweni eziyinselele.
I-Boophone ibamba ukubaluleka kwamasiko phakathi kwemiphakathi yendabuko. Lesi sitshalo sisetshenziswe emicikilishweni yendabuko kanye nemikhosi, ngokuvamile njengophawu lokuvikela nokuphulukisa..
Ama-alkaloid anobuthi atholakala esitshalweni sezitshalo ayesetshenziselwa ukuzingela ngokomlando, njengoba ayengasetshenziswa ezihlokweni zemicibisholo ukuze angakwazi ukuhamba noma enze inyamazane ibe buthaka.
Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo kwendabuko nokubaluleka kwemvelo, i-Boophone ibhekene nezinsongo ezihlobene nokuvunwa ngokweqile kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala..
Kwenziwa imizamo yokuqwashisa ngokulondolozwa kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane, kukhuthazwa imikhuba eqhubekayo elondoloza kokubili lesi sitshalo nendawo yaso.
Inani Lomsoco Le-Boophone (Boophone disticha)
1. I-Alkaloids (Lycorine): I-Lycorine, i-alkaloid evelele, ibonisa izinto ezidambisa ubuhlungu nezingase zibe khona zokulwa nomdlavuza kodwa inobuthi ngemithamo ephezulu, ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okunomsoco.
2. Alkaloids (Buphanidrine): I-Buphanidrine ibonise ukuhlobana nabathuthi be-serotonin, iphakamisa imiphumela ye-antidepressant, nakuba ingeyona izakhi zokudla ngenxa yobuthi bayo.
3. Ama-alkaloids (Buphanamine): Le alkaloid inomthelela ekwakhiweni kwesitshalo se-anxiolytic kanye ne-analgesic, esetshenziswa ngokwesiko ukudambisa izinhlungu, kepha ayidliwa njengokudla.
4. Ama-alkaloid (Distichamine): I-Distichamine ine-antimicrobial kanye nemiphumela engaba khona yokulwa nomdlavuza, yengeza inani lomuthi wesitshalo esikhundleni sokudla okunomsoco.
5. Ama-Phenolic Compounds: I-Phenolics ku-Boophone disticha inikeza umsebenzi we-antioxidant, ongavikela emonakalweni weselula, nakuba engewona umthombo oyinhloko wokudla okunomsoco.
6. Ama-Flavonoid: Ama-Flavonoid anesandla emiphumeleni ye-antioxidant ne-anti-inflammatory yalesi sitshalo, esekela ukusetshenziswa kwaso kwezokwelapha kodwa hhayi ukusetshenziswa kokudla.
7. Ama-coumarins: Ama-coumarins, atholakala kuma-bulb kanye nezimpande ezikhishwe, anezindawo zokulwa ne-anticoagulant kanye ne-antimicrobial, asetshenziswa njengomuthi esikhundleni sokudla okunomsoco.
8. Ama-tannins: Ama-tannins anikeza imiphumela ebulalayo kanye ne-antimicrobial, ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda, kodwa ayiyona ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla okunomsoco.
9. Izidakamizwa: Ama-steroid ku-Boophone disticha angase abe nomthelela emiphumeleni yawo yokulwa nokuvuvukala, nakuba indima yawo ngokuyinhloko ingeyokwelapha.
10. Ama-Terpenoids: Ama-Terpenoids, akhona ngamanani amancane, angase asekele umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane, kodwa njengamanye ama-compounds, awasetshenziselwa umsoco ngenxa yobuthi besitshalo.
Funda Futhi: Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha eziyi-15 ze-Barringtonia Macrostachya (I-Powder-puff Mangrove)
Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha ze-Boophone (Boophone disticha)
1. Ukunciphisa Izinhlungu: I-Boophone isetshenziselwe ukudambisa izinhlungu, okuhlanganisa ikhanda, ubuhlungu bamalunga, nobuhlungu bemisipha. Ama-alkaloid esitshalweni anezakhiwo zokudambisa ubuhlungu ezinganikeza induduzo kulabo abasezinhlungwini.
2. Imithelela eqeda ukuvuvukala: Izakhiwo zokulwa nokuvuvukala ze-Boophone ziyenza ibaluleke ekulawuleni izimo ezivuvukalayo njengesifo samathambo kanye nokungakhululeki okuhlobene nokuvuvukala.
3. Impilo Yokuphefumula: I-Boophone isetshenziselwe ukubhekana nezinkinga zokuphefumula ezinjengokukhwehlela, umkhuhlane, nokuminyana. Kungasiza ukuthulisa imigudu yokuphefumula ecasukile futhi kukhuthaze ukuphefumula okulula.
4. Ukwesekwa Kokugaya Ukudla: Umuthi wesintu usebenzisa i-Boophone ukusiza ukugaya nokukhulula izinkinga zokugaya ezifana nokuqunjelwa nokuqunjelwa.
5. Ukupholiswa Kwenxeba: Izitshalo zokwelapha zidlulela ekwelapheni kwesilonda. Izingcaphuno ze-Boophone zisetshenziswe phezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba, amanxeba, nokutheleleka kwesikhumba.
6. Izakhiwo ezilwa namagciwane: I-Boophone ibonise imiphumela elwa namagciwane ngokumelene nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamagciwane, ezingase zibe nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwendabuko ekulawuleni izifo.
7. Ukunciphisa Imfiva: I-Boophone iye yasetshenziswa ukuze kwehliswe imfiva ngokukhuthaza ukujuluka nokusiza izindlela zemvelo zokunciphisa umkhuhlane.
8. Usekelo Lwesistimu Yezinzwa: Abelaphi bendabuko basebenzise i-Boophone ukuze babhekane nokuphazamiseka kwesistimu yezinzwa, njengokukhathazeka nokungezwani kwezinzwa.
9. Impilo Yenhliziyo: Ezinye izifundo ziphakamisa ukuthi okukhishwe kwe-Boophone kungase kube nezinzuzo ezingaba khona zempilo yenhliziyo ngokusekela umsebenzi wenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.
10. I-Anti-parasitic Effects: Izitshalo ze-alkaloid ziphenywe ngezindawo zazo ezingaba khona zokulwa nezinambuzane, okwenza i-Boophone ibe isihloko esithakaselwayo emkhakheni we-parasitology.
Funda Futhi: 6 Amaphutha Okufanele Uwagweme lapho usebenzisa Amachibi Ezinhlanzi E-tarpaulin ukuze Ufuye Izinhlanzi Okunenzuzo
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Ukuze Kuzuzwe Izinzuzo Zezempilo Ezinikeziwe ze-Boophone (Boophone disticha)
1. Isiphuzo: Ukudala i-decoction kuhlanganisa ukubilisa isibani esomisiwe noma esisha se-Boophone emanzini ukuze kukhishwe izinhlanganisela zayo ezizuzisayo. Le ndlela ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukulungisa itiye noma infusions.
Ukwenza i-decoction ye-Boophone, sika noma usike isibani sibe izingcezu ezincane. Engeza izingcezu zesibani ebhodweni lamanzi. Letha amanzi emathunjini amancane bese uvumela ukuthi ibambe imizuzu engu-15-20. Gcoba uketshezi bese uluvumela ukuthi luphole ngaphambi kokulusebenzisa.
2. I-Tincture: I-tincture iwuketshezi olugxilile lwe-Boophone olungathathwa ngemithamo emincane. Ama-tincture avame ukwenziwa kusetshenziswa utshwala noma ingxube yotshwala namanzi. Ukulungiselela i-tincture ye-Boophone chop noma ugaye isibani esomisiwe se-Boophone.
Faka i-bulb eqoshiwe embizeni yengilazi. Engeza utshwala (okufana nevodka noma i-brandy) ukumboza isitshalo ngokuphelele. Vala imbiza ngokuqinile futhi uyivumele ihlale endaweni epholile, emnyama amasonto ambalwa, uyinyakazise ngobumnene nsuku zonke.
Ngemuva kwenkathi ye-maceration, hlunga uketshezi bese uludlulisela ebhodleleni lengilazi elikhanyayo ukuze udose kalula.
3. Isicelo Sesihloko: Ngokupholiswa kwesilonda kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nesikhumba, okukhishwe kwe-Boophone kungasetshenziswa ngokwezihloko. Nokho, ukuqapha kuyadingeka ngenxa ubuthi izitshalo. Ukusebenzisa i-Boophone phezulu lungisa i-poultice noma amafutha okugcoba ngokuxuba isibani se-Boophone esiyimpuphu namafutha okuthutha noma isisekelo semvelo..
Gcoba i-poultice noma amafutha okugcoba endaweni ethintekile, uqinisekise ukuthi ayihlangani namanxeba avulekile. Gada isikhumba ukuze uthole noma yikuphi ukusabela okubi futhi uyeke ukusebenzisa uma kwenzeka ukucasuka.
4. Amakhambi Esintu: Kwezinye izinqubo zendabuko, i-Boophone ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezithile, njengokuyihlanganisa ekwenziweni kwamakhambi noma ukuyihlanganisa namanye amakhambi ukuze kudalwe imiphumela ye-synergistic. Kubalulekile ukufuna isiqondiso kodokotela bemithi abanolwazi noma odokotela abajwayelene nokusetshenziswa kwendabuko.
5. Ukucatshangelwa komthamo: Izincomo zomthamo we-Boophone zingahluka ngokuya ngezinto ezifana nempilo yomuntu ngamunye, ubudala, kanye nokukhathazeka okuthile kwezempilo okukhulunywa ngakho..
Ngenxa yemvelo yezitshalo ezinobuthi, kubalulekile ukuqala ngemithamo emincane kakhulu futhi ikhule kancane kancane njengoba kudingeka ngenkathi uqapha ngokucophelela noma yikuphi ukusabela okungekuhle.
6. Isiqondiso Sochwepheshe: Uma kubhekwa ubuthi obungaba khona be-Boophone, inconywa kakhulu ukuthi uthintane nodokotela oqeqeshiwe noma i-herbalist ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisela izinjongo zokwelapha. Bangakunikeza iseluleko somuntu siqu ngokusekelwe kuphrofayela yakho yezempilo futhi bakuqondise ekusetshenzisweni okuphephile nangempumelelo.
Ubufakazi Besayensi Nezimo Zezifundo ku-Boophone (Boophone disticha)
1. Umsebenzi we-Antioxidant kanye Nomdlavuza: UTony et al.. (2020) Tonisi, S., Okaiyeto, K., Mabhinya, LV, & Okoh, i-AI ihlole izingcaphuno ze-bulb (chloroform, acetone, ethanol) ezivela e-Eastern Cape, eNingizimu Afrika. Okukhishiwe kubonise umsebenzi obalulekile wokulwa ne-antioxidant ngokumelene ne-DPPH, ABTS, i-hydrogen peroxide, nama-nitric oxide radicals, ngokuvinjelwa okuncike kumthamo. Baphinde babonisa i-cytotoxicity ngokumelene namaseli e-HeLa (IC50: 1.5–1.9 µg/mL), ephakamisa amandla njenge-ejenti elwa nomdlavuza.
2. I-Antibacterial Effects (Cheesman et al., 2012): Cheesman, L., Nair, JJ, & van Staden, J. bahlole okukhishwe kwesibani se-ethanolic futhi bathola umsebenzi omelene ne-methicillin-sensitive I-Staphylococcus aureus, esekela ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko ekwelapheni amanxeba. Ucwaningo luhlonze ama-alkaloid e-crinane afana ne-buphanidrine njengabahlanganyeli ababalulekile emiphumeleni yokulwa namagciwane.
3. Umsebenzi we-Anxiolytic (Pote et al., 2018): Pote, W., Tagwireyi, D., & U-Gadaga, LL uphenye ukukhishwa kwesibani se-hydroethanolic kumagundane e-BALB/c. Ku-10 mg/kg, okukhishiwe kubonise imiphumela ebalulekile ye-anxiolytic ku-plus maze ephakeme, eqhathaniswa ne-diazepam, esekela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwendabuko ezimweni ezihlobene nokukhathazeka.
4. Imiphumela Yokuqeda Ukucindezeleka (Bonokwane et al., 2023): Bonokwane, MB, Lekhooa, M., Struwig, M., & I-Aremu, i-AO ithole ukuthi okukhishwe kwe-Boophone disticha kwandise ukubonakaliswa kwe-neurotrophic factor (BDNF) etholakala ebuchosheni futhi kwanciphisa amazinga e-corticosterone kumagundane angaphansi kwengcindezi yokubhukuda ephoqelekile, okubonisa imiphumela efana ne-antidepressant ngokusebenzisana kwe-serotonin transporter.
5. I-Serotonin Transporter Affinity (Neergaard et al., 2009): Neergaard, JS, Andersen, J., & I-Stafford, i-GI ihlonze i-buphanidrine ne-buphanamine ekukhishweni kwe-bulb, ekhombisa ukuhlobana kwe-serotonin transporter (SERT) ekuhloleni okubophayo, okuphakamisa amandla okwelapha ukukhathazeka nokucindezeleka.
Imiphumela Emibi Yokusebenzisa Isitshalo Semithi Ye-Boophone
1. Ubuthi: I-Boophone iqukethe ama-alkaloid, okuhlanganisa i-buphanidrine ne-buphanisine, okungaba ubuthi ekugxilweni okuphezulu. Ukungenisa noma ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu le-Boophone kungaholela ebuthini nasezinkingeni ezinzima zempilo. Imiphumela enobuthi ithinta ngokuyinhloko amasistimu wokugaya ukudla, izinzwa, nenhliziyo.
2. Isicanucanu kanye Nokuhlanza: Ukungenisa i-Boophone ngenani eliningi noma ngaphandle kokulungiselela kahle kungabangela isicanucanu nokuhlanza. Lezi zimpawu zingase zihambisane nokungakhululeki kwesisu kanye nokucindezeleka kwamathumbu.
3. Uhudo Nobuhlungu Besisu: Ukusebenzisa i-Boophone ngobuningi obunobuthi kungase kubangele isifo sohudo, indle exegayo, nobuhlungu besisu. Izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi zezitshalo zingacasula umgudu wamathumbu, okuholela ekuphazamisekeni kokugaya ukudla.
4. Imiphumela yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi: Ama-alkaloid ama-boophone angaba nomthelela ohlelweni lwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, okungase kubangele ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile, ukushaya kwenhliziyo okukhuphukayo, kanye nezinguquko kumfutho wegazi. Le miphumela ingaba yingozi futhi ingadinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha.
5. Imiphumela Yesistimu Yezinzwa: Imithamo enobuthi ye-Boophone ingathinta isimiso sezinzwa, okuholela ezimpawini ezifana nesiyezi, ukudideka, ngisho nokuquleka ezimeni ezinzima. Ukuqapha okukhulu kuyadingeka uma usebenzisa i-Boophone, ikakhulukazi uma unomlando wokuphazamiseka kwemizwa.
6. Ukucasuka kwesikhumba: Ukusetshenziswa kwezihloko okukhishwe kwe-Boophone kungase kubangele ukucasuka kwesikhumba, ububomvu, nokuluma, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanesikhumba esibucayi. Kubalulekile ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-patch ngaphambi kokufaka imikhiqizo ye-Boophone ezindaweni ezinkulu zesikhumba.
7. Ukungezwani Nomzimba: Abanye abantu bangase bangezwani nezingxenye ezithile ze-Boophone. Ukungezwani komzimba kungase kubonakale njengokuqubuka kwesikhumba, ukuqubuka, ukuvuvukala, kanye nezimpawu zokuphefumula ezifana nobunzima bokuphefumula.
8. Ukukhulelwa Nokuncelisa Ibele: Abesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo kufanele bakugweme ukusebenzisa i-Boophone ngenxa yezingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nezinhlanganisela zayo ezinobuthi. Imiphumela yezitshalo ekukhuleni kwengane kanye nezinsana ayiqondwa kahle futhi ingaba yingozi enkulu empilweni.
9. Ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa: Ama-alkaloid ama-boophone angase ahlanganyele nemithi ethile, kuhlanganise naleyo ethinta isimiso senhliziyo, isimiso sezinzwa, noma isibindi. Kubalulekile ukuthi uxhumane nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-Boophone eceleni kwemithi kadokotela.
10. Ukuhlukahluka kokuzwela: Ukuzwela komuntu ngamunye ku-Boophone kungahluka. Abanye abantu bangase babe nemiphumela emibi ngisho nangemithamo emincane, kuyilapho abanye bengase babekezelele amanani aphakathi nendawo ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezisheshayo. Kubalulekile ukuya esitshalweni ngokuqapha futhi uhloniphe ubuthi baso.
Ama-FAQ ku-Boophone disticha (Isitshalo Sekhulu/Imbali Ebuhlungu Yamehlo)
1. Ingabe i-Boophone disticha iphephile ukuyisebenzisela izinjongo zokudla okunomsoco?
Cha, i-Boophone disticha ayiphephile ukusetshenziswa njengomthombo wokudla ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu. Lesi sitshalo siqukethe ama-alkaloid afana ne-lycorine ne-buphanidrine, angabangela imiphumela emibi kakhulu uma idliwe ngomlomo. Isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emithini yendabuko ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo.
2. Yiziphi izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko ze-bioactive ku-Boophone disticha?
Lesi sitshalo siqukethe ama-alkaloid (i-lycorine, i-buphanidrine, i-buphanamine, i-distichamine), i-phenolic compounds, i-flavonoids, i-coumarins, i-tannins, i-steroids, ne-terpenoids. Lezi zinhlanganisela zifaka isandla ezenzweni zayo zokwelapha, njenge-antioxidant ne-antimicrobial effects, kodwa azinawo umsoco.
3. Ingabe i-Boophone disticha ingasetshenziswa ukwelapha izifo?
Yebo, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi okukhishwe kwesibani se-ethanolic kunomsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane I-Staphylococcus aureus, esekela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwendabuko ekwelapheni amanxeba kanye nezifo.
4. Ingabe i-Boophone disticha inezinzuzo ze-antioxidant?
Yebo ucwaningo luthole ukuthi okukhishiwe kwe-bulb kubonisa umsebenzi omkhulu we-antioxidant ngokumelene nama-radicals afana ne-DPPH ne-ABTS, engasiza ukwehlisa ingcindezi ye-oxidative futhi ivikele emonakalweni weselula.
5. Ingabe i-Boophone disticha iyasebenza ezimeni zempilo yengqondo?
Ucwaningo, olufana nolubonisa ukuthi i-Boophone disticha inemiphumela ye-anxiolytic ne-antidepressant-like kumamodeli ezilwane, isekela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwendabuko kuzimo ezithinta ukukhathazeka nezimo ezihlobene nokucindezeleka.
6. Ingabe zikhona izinzuzo ezihlobene nomdlavuza ze-Boophone disticha?
Okukhishiwe kwe-bulb kunemiphumela ye-cytotoxic ngokumelene namaseli e-HeLa, okuphakamisa izici ezingaba khona zokulwa nomdlavuza, nakuba ucwaningo olwengeziwe ludingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinhlelo zokusebenza zomtholampilo.
7. Kungani i-Boophone disticha ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo sokudla?
Ngenxa yama-alkaloid anobuthi, njenge-lycorine ne-buphanidrine, i-Boophone disticha ayifaneleki njengesengezo sokudla. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kokwelapha kwendabuko kubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezihloko noma imithamo elawulwayo, njengoba ukumunca ngomlomo kungaholela ebuthi.
8. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha okufanele zithathwe uma usebenzisa i-Boophone disticha ngomuthi?
Ngenxa yobuthi bayo, kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela ngaphansi kokuqondisa kochwepheshe. Ucwaningo luqokomisa isidingo sokuphatha ngokucophelela, njengoba ama-alkaloid angabangela imiphumela emibi uma esetshenziswa kabi, ikakhulukazi ekulungiseleleni ngomlomo.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko senzelwe izinjongo zemfundo kanye nolwazi kuphela. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezichazwe zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi nolwazi lwendabuko. Azithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha esiqeqeshiwe, ukuxilongwa, noma ukwelashwa. Hlala uthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimaphi amakhambi noma ikhambi lemvelo ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
Funda Futhi: Fly Ash Complete Management Guide