I-Nerium Oleander, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Nerium, iyisihlahla esihlala ezindaweni eziseMedithera nase-Asia. Lesi sitshalo esikwazi ukuqina asidunyiswa nje kuphela ngobuhle baso obuhle, nezimbali eziqhakazile ezihlobisa izingadi emhlabeni wonke, kodwa futhi nezici zaso zokwelapha.
I-Nerium, ngokwesayensi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Nerium oleander, isihlahla esihlala siluhlaza esihlala esifundeni saseMedithera. Lesi sitshalo, esinamaqabunga aluhlaza aluhlaza nezimbali ezintekenteke ezimise okwecilongo, sekuyisikhathi eside sadonsa ukunaka kwezazi zezitshalo nezazi zezitshalo ngokufanayo.
I-Nerium inomlando ocebile osukela emuva ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Imiphakathi yasendulo, kuhlanganise nabaseGibhithe, amaGreki namaRoma, yayisihlonipha lesi sitshalo ngenxa yezakhiwo zaso zokwelapha. Yayivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo eziningi ngisho nanjengophawu lobuhle nokuchuma.
I-Nerium oleander, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi “i-Nerium,” isihlahla saseMedithera esigujwa ngezimbali zaso ezikhangayo kanye nezimfanelo zokwelapha ezinamandla. Umlando wayo ocebile uthatha amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ukuguquguquka kwayo kusaqhubeka kwembulwa.
I-Nerium ime njengobufakazi bobuhlakani bemvelo. Izimbali zayo eziqhakazile, kusukela kokumhlophe qwa kuye kobomvana obujulile, ziyenze yaba isengezo esithandwayo ezingadini emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zimbali ezithambile kodwa eziqinile zithole i-Nerium indawo ekhethekile ezinhliziyweni ze-horticultural.
Ngaphandle kokukhanga kwayo kobuhle, iNerium inengcebo yezinzuzo zokwelapha. Amaqabunga ezitshalo, iziqu, nezimpande ziqukethe inhlanganisela enamandla okuphulukisa amangalisayo. Ngokomlando, ibisetshenziswa ekwelapheni izifo ezahlukahlukene, okubandakanya izimo zesikhumba nezinkinga zenhliziyo.
Ukuhlakulela i-Nerium engadini yakho kufana nokumema ubuhle bemvelo empilweni yakho. Ukubona izimbali zawo seziqhakazile kungashintsha noma iyiphi indawo ibe indawo enokuthula.
Kulabo abathanda i-skincare, imikhiqizo esekwe ku-Nerium isiphenduke isembulo. Izitshalo ezikhishwe izitshalo ziye zahlanganiswa ukuze zenze ama-creams nama-serums aziwa ngokukwazi kwawo ukuvuselela isikhumba, ukunciphisa ukubukeka kwemigqa emihle kanye namabala.
Ukusetshenziswa kwendabuko kwe-Nerium emithini yesintu kuye kwadlulela ezikhathini zanamuhla. Izingcaphuno zayo manje ziyacwaningwa ukuze zikwazi ukwelapha izifo ezihlukahlukene zesikhumba ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza.
I-Anatomy ye-Nerium Medicinal plant
Ukuze uyazise ngempela i-Nerium, umuntu kufanele aqonde i-anatomy yayo kanye nezingxenye eziyenza ikhetheke kakhulu.
Amaqabunga Neziqu: Amaqabunga acwebezelayo, aluhlaza okumnyama e-Nerium anothe ngezinhlanganisela ze-bioactive, okuhlanganisa i-nerioside ne-oleandrin, ebonise izakhiwo ezinamandla zokwelapha.
Izimbali: Izimbali ze-Neriums ziwumbono ongawubona. Ngesakhiwo sazo esinamacembe amahlanu nemibala egqamile, sezifanekisela ubuhle bemvelo nokuqina.
Izimpande Zokuqina: Izimpande ze-Nerium, nakuba zingahlolisiswa kangako, nazo ziqukethe izinhlanganisela ezinevelu yokwelapha engaba khona. Lezi kube yizo okugxilwe kuzo ocwaningweni lwakamuva lwesayensi.
Amathiphu Okulima weNerium Medicinal plant
Ukucatshangelwa kwesimo sezulu: I-Nerium ithanda isimo sezulu esifudumele, esifana neMedithera kodwa ingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene. Qinisekisa ukuthi ithola ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi.
Ukuthena: Ukuthena okuvamile kungasiza ukugcina ukuma okuhlangene, okunesihlahla futhi kukhuthaze ukuqhakaza.
Ukuchelela: Nakuba i-Nerium ikwazi ukumelana nesomiso, iyakwazisa ukunisela okungaguquki, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi ezomile.
Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha ze-Nerium (Nerium Oleander)
1. Ukuvuselelwa Kwesikhumba: Enye yezinzuzo ezaziwa kakhulu ze-Nerium umphumela wayo ophawulekayo esikhumbeni. Izitshalo ezikhishwe zezitshalo ziboshelwe ukudala imikhiqizo ye-skincare ethi yehlisa ukubukeka kwemibimbi, imigqa emihle, namabala obudala.
2. Izakhiwo Ezinqanda Ukuvuvukala: I-Nerium ibonise imiphumela enamandla yokulwa nokuvuvukala. Lokhu kwenza kube ikhambi lemvelo elingaba khona ezimweni ezifana nesifo samathambo kanye nezimo zesikhumba ezivuvukalayo.
3. Usekelo Lwesistimu Yamasosha omzimba: I-Nerium ithuthukisa ukusebenza kwamasosha omzimba. Lesi sakhiwo singabonakala sibalulekile ekuvimbeni izifo nasekukhuthazeni impilo yonke.
4. Impilo Yenhliziyo: I-Nerium iqukethe izinhlanganisela eziye zabonisa isithembiso ekusekeleni impilo yenhliziyo. Bangase basize ekulawuleni umfutho wegazi futhi banciphise ingozi yesifo senhliziyo.
5. Ukupholiswa Kwenxeba: Izakhiwo zemvelo ze-Neriums ziye zahlolisiswa amandla azo ekwelapheni kwesilonda. Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi okukhishwe kwe-Nerium kungase kusheshise inqubo yokuphulukisa uma kusetshenziswe phezulu kumanxeba amancane nokusikeka.
6. Izakhiwo Ze-Antioxidant: I-Nerium iqukethe ama-antioxidants angasiza ukulwa nama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni. Lawa ma-radicals mahhala athinteka ezifweni ezihlukahlukene kanye nenqubo yokuguga. Ngokudla i-Nerium ngendlela yokuthakwa ngamakhambi noma izithasiselo, ungakwazi ukukhulisa amandla omzimba wakho wokwenza la ma-molecule ayingozi.
7. Impilo Yengqondo: Nakuba ucwaningo olwengeziwe ludingeka, ubufakazi obuthile be-anecdotal buphakamisa ukuthi i-Nerium ingase ibe nomthelela wokuzola engqondweni. Lokhu kungakwenza kube isengezo esibalulekile enkambweni yokuphumula namasu okulawula ingcindezi.
8. Impilo Yokugaya Ukudla: Emithi yendabuko, i-Nerium isetshenziselwe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezithile zokugaya ukudla. Abanye abasekeli bakholelwa ukuthi ama-Neriums compounds angasiza ekugayeni futhi adambise ukungakhululeki kwamathumbu. Nokho, kudingeka ubufakazi obengeziwe besayensi ukuze kuqinisekiswe lezi zimangalo.
9. Izinzuzo Zezinzwa: Izingxenye ezithile ze-Nerium zibonise isithembiso ekusekeleni impilo yobuchopho. Zingase zibe nezakhi ze-neuroprotective futhi zingase zibe nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwengqondo. Noma kunjalo, lezi zinzuzo ezingaba khona akufanele zithathe indawo yezinqubo zezempilo zobuchopho ezimisiwe.
10. Izinzuzo Ezingaba Khona Ze-Antioxidant: Ama-Antioxidants yizinto ezisiza ukuvikela umzimba ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative nama-radicals mahhala. Amanye ama-compounds atholakala ku-Nerium angase abe nezakhiwo ze-antioxidant, ezingadlala indima empilweni yonke. Ama-Antioxidants aziwa ngamandla awo okulwa nezimpawu zokuguga nokukhuthaza impilo yamaselula.
11. Ukupholiswa Kwenxeba: Ukusetshenziswa okuvamile kwe-Nerium kwakuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwayo emanxebeni nokulimala kwesikhumba. Kukholakala ukuthi inezinto zokupholisa amanxeba ngenxa yamandla ayo okukhuthaza ukulungiswa kwezicubu nokunciphisa ukuvuvukala. Nakuba imithi yesimanje inikeza ukunakekelwa kwenxeba okuthuthukisiwe, ukusetshenziswa komlando kwe-Neriums kugcizelela amandla ayo kulokhu.
12. Ukusekela Impilo Yokuphefumula: Kwamanye amasiko, i-Nerium isetshenziswe njengekhambi lezimo zokuphefumula. Kukholakala ukuthi isiza ukudambisa izimpawu zokukhwehlela, umkhuhlane, nokucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula.
Funda Futhi: 7 Izinzuzo Zezempilo Zokwelapha zama-Daffodils (Isitjalo seNarcissus)
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa Ukuzuza Izinzuzo Zezempilo Ezihlinzekiwe ze I-Nerium (Nerium Oleander)
1. Izicelo Zezihloko: Imikhiqizo ye-skincare esekelwe ku-Nerium, efana nokhilimu nama-serum, idumile ngezakhiwo zayo ezivuselela isikhumba. Lezi zingasetshenziswa ngqo esikhumbeni.
2. Ukufakwa kwe-Herbal: Amaqabunga e-Nerium angasetshenziswa ukwenza infusions ye-herbal. Uma kusetshenziswa ngokusesilinganisweni, lawa ma-infusions angase anikeze uhla lwezinzuzo zezempilo.
3. Izithasiselo: Izithako ze-Nerium, ezitholakala ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, zithathwa ngomlomo. Lezi zithako zinikeza umthamo ogxilile wama-Neriums asebenzayo compounds.
Funda Futhi: Izinambuzane Zemikhiqizo Egciniwe Nokulimala Okudalwe
I-Side Effects Yokusebenzisa I-Nerium Isitshalo Sokwelapha
1. Ukuzwela Kwesikhumba: Yize imikhiqizo ye-skincare esekwe ku-Nerium ingasebenza kahle, abanye abantu bangase babe nokuzwela kwesikhumba noma ukucasuka. Kubalulekile ukwenza i-patch test ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kabanzi.
2. Ubuthi: I-Nerium yaziwa ukuthi iqukethe izinto ezinobuthi. Ukungenisa noma iyiphi ingxenye yesitshalo, ikakhulukazi ngobuningi, kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu zezempilo. Akufanele neze idliwe ngaphandle kokulungiselela nokuqondiswa okufanele.
3. Ukungezwani Nomzimba: Njenganoma iyiphi into yemvelo, ukungezwani komzimba kungenzeka. Abantu abanesifo sokungezwani komzimba nezitshalo ezaziwayo kufanele baqaphele lapho besebenzisa imikhiqizo esekelwe ku-Nerium.
4. Ukucasuka kwesikhumba: Abanye abantu bangase babhekane nokucasuka kwesikhumba, njengokubomvu nokuluma, lapho beqala ukufaka isicelo.
5. Ukuzwela Emisebeni Yelanga: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-nerium kungakhuphula ukuzwela kwesikhumba ekukhanyeni kwelanga. Ukuvikela ilanga kuyadingeka uma usebenzisa le mikhiqizo.
6. Ukomisa nokucwecwa: Kwezinye izimo, abasebenzisi babike ukoma nokuxebuka kwesikhumba, okungase kudinge ukulungiswa endleleni yabo yokunakekela isikhumba.
7. Ukungezwani Nomzimba: Ukungezwani komzimba ne-Nerium kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanesikhumba esibucayi. Kunconywa ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-patch ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo esigcwele.
Ubufakazi Besayensi Nezimo Zezifundo Nge-Nerium (Nerium Oleander)
1. Farkhondeh et al. (2020): Ukubuyekezwa okuphelele ngu Farkhondeh et al. ihlole imiphumela enobuthi ye-Nerium oleander, igqamisa izici zayo ze-cardiotoxic, i-hepatotoxic, ne-nephrotoxic ngenxa yokuvinjwa kwephampu ye-Na+/K+-ATPase. Ucwaningo luphawule izinzuzo ezingaba khona zemithi efana nemiphumela yokunqanda ukuvuvukala kanye ne-anticancer kodwa lwagcizelela ubuthi obunzima besitshalo (Farkhondeh, T., Kianmehr, M., Kazemi, T., Samarghandian, S., & Khazdair, MR (2020). Imiphumela yobuthi ye-Nerium oleander, ubufakazi obuyisisekelo nobomtholampilo obuhlangene:. Umuntu & I-Toxicology Yokuhlola, 39(6), 773-784).
2. Botelho et al. (2017): Lolu cwaningo luphenye imiphumela ye-arrhythmogenic ye-Nerium oleander hydroalcoholic extract kumagundane, iqinisekisa amandla ayo e-cardiotoxic ngokudala izigqi zenhliziyo ezingavamile. Okutholakele kugcizelele ubungozi bokusebenzisa i-oleander emithini yendabuko (Botelho, AFM, Santos-Miranda, A., Joca, HC, Mattoso, CRS, de Oliveira, MS, Pierezan, F., Cruz, JS, Soto-Blanco, B., & amp; Melo, MM ophuma ku-Nealcoholic Hydroum (2017). (I-Apocynaceae) yenza umsebenzi we-arrhythmogenic. Ijenali ye-Ethnopharmacology, 206, 170-177).
3. Ayouaz et al. (2023): Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuchaze imininingwane yamakhemikhali nemithi ye-Nerium oleander, iphawula ukusetshenziswa kwayo emithini yendabuko ezimweni ezinjengomdlavuza kanye ne-hyperglycemia. Igqamise ubukhona be-cardiac glycosides enobuthi kodwa futhi nezinzuzo ezingaba khona ezivela kuma-flavonoid nama-alkaloid (Ayouaz, S., Arab, R., Mouhoubi, K., & Madani, K. (2023). I-Nerium oleander Lin: Ukubuyekezwa kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali, kwezemithi nokwendabuko. Ijenali ye-Biomedical Research & amp; Isayensi Yezemvelo, 4(4), 641-650).
4. Shafiq et al. (2021): Lolu cwaningo luhlole imiphumela elwa namagciwane kanye ne-anti-inflammatory ye-Nerium oleander flower extract kumamodeli ezilwane. Ithole ukuvinjelwa okubalulekile kokukhula kwebhaktheriya nokuvuvukala, okuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa okungenzeka kokwelapha, nakuba ukukhathazeka ngobuthi kusasele (Shafiq, Y., Naqvi, SBS, Rizwani, GH, Asghar, MA, Bushra, R., Ghayas, S., & Rehman, AA (2021). iphrofayili yokuphepha ye-vivo ebanzi. I-BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 135).
5. Abbasi et al. (2018): Lolu cwaningo luhlole imiphumela enobuthi ye-Nerium oleander ekhishwa emanzini esekelwe emanzini kumagundane e-Wistar, ibona umonakalo omkhulu wezitho eziningi, okuhlanganisa ubuthi besibindi nenhliziyo, okuqinisa imvelo eyingozi yesitshalo (Abbasi, MH, Fatima, S., Khawar, MB, Jahan, S., & Sheikh, N. inleating vivo esekelwe ocwaningweni lwemiphumela ye-Nerium inleander ocwaningweni lwe-Nerium inleander ye-Nerium). izitho eziningi ze-Wistar rat. I-Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2018, 4739637).
Izixwayiso Nezincomo Ekusetshenzisweni I-Nerium Isitshalo Sokwelapha
1. Ukulinganisela: Noma ngabe usebenzisa i-Nerium ukuze unakekele isikhumba noma udle, ukulinganisela kubalulekile. Qala ngamanani amancane futhi ubheke ukuthi umzimba wakho uphendula kanjani.
2. Ukuhlolwa kwepheshi: Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-skincare esekelwe ku-Nerium, yenza ukuhlolwa kwe-patch endaweni encane yesikhumba ukuze uhlole noma yikuphi ukusabela okungekuhle.
3. Ukubonisana: Hlala uthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo, ikakhulukazi uma unezimo zezokwelapha ezikhona noma uthatha imithi.
4. Ukuqinisekisa Ikhwalithi: Qinisekisa ukuthi uthola imikhiqizo ye-Nerium emithonjeni ethembekile ethobela ikhwalithi nezindinganiso zokuphepha.
5. Ukubekezela Kusemqoka: Ngenkathi abanye abasebenzisi bengase bathole imiphumela esheshayo, abanye bangadinga isikhathi esengeziwe ukuze babone izinzuzo ezigcwele ze-Nerium. Kubalulekile ukuba nesineke futhi ungaguquguquki ohlelweni lwakho lokunakekela isikhumba.
6. Indlela Engokwezifiso: Isikhumba somuntu wonke sihlukile. Okwenza izimanga kumuntu oyedwa kungase kungabi nomthelela ofanayo komunye. Kubalulekile ukwenza uhlelo lwakho lokunakekelwa kwesikhumba luvumelane nezidingo zakho ezithile kanye nohlobo lwesikhumba.
7. Qeqesha Ukuphila Ngendlela Enempilo: Ukunakekelwa kwesikhumba akukhona nje ngemikhiqizo oyisebenzisayo; indlela yakho yokuphila iyonke idlala indima ebalulekile. Gcina ukudla okunomsoco, uhlale umanzi, futhi uvikele isikhumba sakho ekuchayekeni elangeni kakhulu.
8. Funda Amalebula Omkhiqizo: Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umkhiqizo wokunakekelwa kwesikhumba, okuhlanganisa i-Nerium, funda ngokucophelela amalebula omkhiqizo nemiyalelo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa umkhiqizo ngendlela efanele futhi njengoba kuhlosiwe.
9. Xhumana Nochwepheshe: Uma ungaqiniseki ngokusebenzisa i-Nerium noma unokukhathazeka mayelana nemiphumela yayo emibi engase ibe khona, kuwumqondo omuhle ngaso sonke isikhathi ukubonana nodokotela wesikhumba noma uchwepheshe we-skincare. Banganikeza isiqondiso somuntu siqu ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zakho ezithile.
10. Gada Isikhumba Sakho: Njengoba uqala ukusebenzisa i-Nerium, nakisisa ukuthi isikhumba sakho sisabela kanjani. Uma ubona noma yimiphi imiphumela engajwayelekile noma emibi, yeka ukusebenzisa futhi uxhumane nochwepheshe bezempilo.
FAQs Mayelana I-Nerium Isitshalo Sokwelapha
1. Ngingakwazi yini ukutshala i-Nerium engadini yami?
Nakanjani! I-Nerium ivumelana kahle nezimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene futhi iyisengezo esihle kakhulu kunoma iyiphi ingadi.
2. Ingabe imikhiqizo ye-skincare esekwe ku-Nerium iphephile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesikhumba?
Ngokuvamile, yebo. Kodwa-ke, kuyalulekwa ukuthi wenze ukuhlolwa kwe-patch ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimuphi umkhiqizo omusha we-skincare, ikakhulukazi uma unesikhumba esibucayi.
3. Ingabe i-Nerium isetshenziswa emithini yesintu emhlabeni wonke?
Yebo, i-Nerium inomlando ocebile wokusetshenziswa emithini yendabuko ezindaweni lapho ivela khona.
4. Ingabe zikhona izingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokusebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-Nerium-based skincare?
Nakuba ngokuvamile kuphephile, abanye abantu bangase babhekane nokucasuka kwesikhumba. Xhumana nodokotela wesikhumba uma unemibuzo.
5. Ngingayithola kuphi imikhiqizo ye-skincare ye-Nerium?
Imikhiqizo ye-Nerium iyatholakala kubathengisi abahlukahlukene be-skincare kanye nezimakethe eziku-inthanethi.
6. Ingabe i-Nerium ingatshalwa endlini?
Nakuba ifaneleka kakhulu ukulima ngaphandle, ungakwazi ukutshala i-Nerium emabhodweni asendlini ezindaweni ezikhanyiswe kahle.
7. Ingabe i-Nerium iphephile ezilwaneni ezifuywayo?
Cha, i-Nerium inobuthi ezilwaneni uma idliwe. Igcine ikude nezilwane ezifuywayo.
8. Ngingakwazi yini ukuzenzela eyami imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwesikhumba esekelwe ku-Nerium ekhaya?
Akunconywa, njengoba ukukhipha nokusebenzisa izinhlanganisela ze-Neriums kudinga ubuchwepheshe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokusebenza ngempumelelo.
9. Ingabe ikhona imikhawulo ekuthengisweni kwemikhiqizo esekwe ku-Nerium?
Imithetho ephathelene nemikhiqizo ye-Nerium iyahlukahluka ngokwesifunda. Hlola imithetho yendawo neziqondiso ngaphambi kokuzithenga noma ukuzithengisa.
10. Ingabe i-Nerium ingasetshenziselwa i-aromatherapy?
Nakuba kungeyona inketho evamile ye-aromatherapy, abanye abantu bangathola iphunga layo lizolile. Sebenzisa ngokuqapha kanye ne-dilution.
11. Kungenzeka yini ukukhulisa i-Nerium endlini?
Nakuba ngokuvamile iyisitshalo sangaphandle, i-Nerium ingatshalwa endlini uma inikezwe ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele kanye nomhlabathi okhishwe kahle.
12. Ingabe zikhona izinyathelo zokuphepha zokusebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-Nerium-based skincare ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?
Abantu abakhulelwe kufanele bathintane nabahlinzeki babo bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimiphi imikhiqizo emisha ye-skincare, kuhlanganise naleyo equkethe okukhishwe kwe-Nerium.
13. Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi imikhiqizo ye-Nerium-based skincare ibonise imiphumela?
Imiphumela ingahluka kuye ngomuntu ngamunye kanye nomkhiqizo othile. Kuyatuseka ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo ngokungaguquki njengoba kuyalelwe amaviki ambalwa ukuze ubone ukuthuthuka okubonakalayo.
Ingabe unayo imibuzo, iziphakamiso, noma iminikelo? Uma kunjalo, sicela ukhululeke ukusebenzisa ibhokisi lokuphawula elingezansi ukuze wabelane ngemicabango yakho. Futhi sikukhuthaza ukuba wabelane ngomusa lokhu kwaziswa nabanye abangase bazuze kukho. Njengoba singakwazi ukufinyelela wonke umuntu ngesikhathi esisodwa, silwazisa kakhulu usizo lwakho ekusakazeni izwi. Siyabonga kakhulu ngokusekela kwakho nokwabelana!
Umshwana wokuzihlangula: Lesi sihloko senzelwe izinjongo zemfundo kanye nolwazi kuphela. Izinzuzo zezempilo ezichazwe zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwesayensi nolwazi lwendabuko. Azithathi indawo yeseluleko sezokwelapha esiqeqeshiwe, ukuxilongwa, noma ukwelashwa. Hlala uthintana nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa noma yimaphi amakhambi noma amakhambi emvelo ngezinjongo zokwelapha.
Funda Futhi: Umhlahlandlela Wokulawula Ukungcola Kwabantu Ngokuphelele