Prevention of food-borne illness is critical in the food service industry. Implementing effective prevention strategies safeguards consumers and ensures food handlers adhere to proper safety… Read More »Ways of Preventing of Food-Borne Illness
Apart from technical skills needed for profitability and good customer patronage in a food and beverage sector, certain interpersonal skills play vital, significant roles. Such… Read More »Essential Interpersonal Skills for Food and Beverage Service
As previously discussed in earlier articles, the fertility of soil refers to its ability to supply essential nutrients required for crop growth and development. For… Read More »Importance of Soil Fertility and Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture
Beverages form an integral part of the human diet, from infancy through adulthood, starting with infant formulas and extending to complex drinks rich in key… Read More »Understanding the Definition, Classification, and Importance of Beverages
In the previous article, food additives, their uses, advantages, and disadvantages were discussed. Major food additives such as food colors, preservatives, and antioxidants were also… Read More »Advanced Food Additives in Food Processing
Cereal processing represents an important part of the food production chain, but the contribution of cereals to the nonfood sector should not be overlooked. Milling… Read More »Processing of Cereals, Legumes, and Oil Seeds
Meat processing involves the slaughter of animals and fowl, processing of carcasses into cured, canned, and other meat products, and rendering inedible and discarded remains… Read More »Meat Processing Techniques: Enhancing Shelf Life and Quality
Food preservation consists of the application of science-based knowledge obtained through a variety of available technologies and procedures to prevent spoilage of food and food… Read More »Fundamentals of Heat and Cold in Food Preservation
Chemical substances, known as artificial preservatives, prevent or delay bacterial growth, spoilage, and discoloration in food. These preservatives can be added directly to food or… Read More »Chemical and Biological Principles of Food Preservation
Crop production began at least nine thousand (9000) years ago when domestication of plants became essential to supplement natural supplies in certain localities. Early man… Read More »Historical Development of Crop Production
Invitro-maturation, invitro-fertilization and embryo transfer (IVM) is a relatively new assisted reproductive technology (ART). IVM has been used as an alternative choice for ART for… Read More »Animal Invitro-Maturation, Fertilization and Cloning
Milk ejection and lactation are consequence of parturition. Milk ejection can be induced by low dose prostaglandin. Injection of low dose prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGf22)… Read More »Animal Milk Ejection and Lactation, and Methods of Weaning
The induction of parturition can be broadly divided into therapeutic and managemental. Of the later, the most common are induction of abortion in early gestation… Read More »Methods of Animals Induction of Parturition
Farm animals pregnancy diagnosis requires a multifaceted approach, which you will discover in the course of this article. Successful pregnancy and subsequent delivery is crucial… Read More »Farm Animals Pregnancy Diagnosis
Wolves (Canis lupus) often referred to as the wolf, the gray wolf, or the grey wolf are such fascinating creatures, it’s particularly clear for dog… Read More »Wolves (Canis lupus): All You Need to Know About
Culinary herbs are herbaceous plants used to enhance the flavor and color of various dishes. For thousands of years, herbs have served not only as… Read More »Health Benefits of Common Culinary Herbs
Deterioration is a continuous process that begins the moment an animal is slaughtered or a plant is harvested and continues until the item is no… Read More »Techniques to Prevent Food Deterioration
The selection of raw materials is a vital consideration to the quality of processed products. The quality of raw materials can rarely be improved during… Read More »Importance of Raw Material Selection in Food Processing
This article explores the various types of raw materials used in the food processing industry, the unit operations involved in their processing, and their preservation… Read More »Raw Materials in Food Processing: Types, Treatment, and Storage
Virtually all foods are derived from living cells of animal, plant, or, in some cases, microbial origin through biotechnological methods. Thus, foods are primarily composed… Read More »Food Processing and Preservation
Fermented foods are products of edible or inedible raw materials that have undergone desirable physicochemical and biochemical modifications through the activities of microorganisms and/or their… Read More »Processing of Fermented Indigenous Condiments
Underutilized or neglected crops are labels often applied to plant species that are indigenous, rather than non-native or adapted introductions, and often form a complex… Read More »Health Benefits of Underutilized Nigerian Spices
Altitude refers to height of a place over relative to the sea levels which is usually measured in meters. Three plateaux in Nigeria exhibit micro-climatic… Read More »Effects of Altitude and Soil Condition on Animal Production
Spices are high-value, export-oriented crops. To meet international market demands, spices must be produced and processed to achieve high quality and comply with globally accepted… Read More »Collection, Production, Packaging, and Storage of Common Spices
Herbs, like spices, are high-value, export-oriented crops. To meet international market demands, herbs must be produced and processed to achieve high quality and comply with… Read More »Collection, Production, Packaging, and Storage of Common Herbs for Quality and Longevity
Spices contribute to the quality, nutritive value, and flavor of food. Since ancient times, they have held great medicinal value. Their antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,… Read More »Health Benefits of Spices, Herbs, and Condiments in Agriculture
Effects of the climatic environment on animal production, biotic agents, nutrition including the influence on animal feed supply and animal feed store or quality may… Read More »Indirect Effects of Climatic Environment on Animal Production
Animal production is defined as an aspect of agriculture which in itself is the science and art of production crop, animal and fibre products for… Read More »Strategies for Advancing Animal Production in Nigeria
In this article, we will be discussing about the induction and synchronization of oestrus and ovulation in the first unit, while in the second unit… Read More »Oestrus Synchronization and Pregnancy Diagnosis
In this article, you will be studying multiple ovulations, embryo transfer and its uses as means of improving livestock productivity. Synchronization of Oestrus Is a… Read More »Induction and Synchronization of Oestrus and Ovulation; Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer Technique
This article gives you a basic knowledge of what is meant by artificial insemination (AI) and its advantages and disadvantages. Some methods of semen collection… Read More »Guide to Proper Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals
Some category of animals that falls into animal production include but not limited to the following: poultry production, pig production or swine production, dairy animals… Read More »Brief History and Roles of Animal Production
Coyotes (Canis latrans) are individuals of the Canidae’s circle of relatives, wolves, puppies, foxes, and jackals. They have slim snouts, lean bodies, yellow eyes, furry… Read More »Coyotes (Canis latrans): Habitats, Species, and Facts
Spices have consistently been recognized as a part of the culinary ethos. In the culinary industry, it has been a history from its beginning that… Read More »Nutritional Composition of Common Spices
Spices, herbs, and flavorings have been traded internationally for thousands of years, but until recently, most food was produced, sold, and consumed locally. However, over… Read More »Legislative Standards for Herbs and Spices
Spices are common food condiments, which have been used as flavoring, seasoning, and coloring agents and as preservatives all over the world since earliest times,… Read More »Uses of Spices in the Food Industry
Spices and condiments constitute an important group of horticultural commodities, which, since antiquity, have been considered indispensable in the culinary arts for flavouring foods. Some… Read More »Definition, Uses, and Opportunities of Spices in Agriculture
Culinary herbs are plants whose fresh or dried leaves are used in cooking. Herbs and spices are naturally low or free of calories, fat, saturated… Read More »Nutritional Composition of Common Culinary Herbs
Herbs and spices are plant-derived seasonings used for culinary purposes. The terms “herbs” and “spices” are often used interchangeably, but they have specific definitions in… Read More »Nutritional Composition of Indigenous African Spices and Condiments
The previous article discussed indigenous condiments, which are locally processed and consumed condiments that enhance flavor, appearance, and nutritive value of foods. This article analyzes… Read More »Non-Indigenous Condiments: Enhancing Culinary Arts
Spices have consistently been recognized as a vital part of the culinary ethos. In the culinary industry, there has been a long history, from its… Read More »Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Spices in Culinary and Medicinal Applications
Spices are classified in various ways. This is necessary for easier identification of the spices. The diverse forms of spices highlight the natures in which… Read More »Understanding the Classification of Spices
Herbs and spices are plant-derived seasonings used for culinary purposes. The terms ‘herbs’ and ‘spices’ are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct botanical definitions.… Read More »Understanding Herbs, Spices, and Condiments in Culinary and Nutritional Contexts
Depending on the meat processor’s preference and the natural tenderness or lack thereof, various cooking methods are employed to properly prepare different cuts of meat.… Read More »Meat Preparation Methods: Techniques and Effects
Recent developments in molecular biology and statistics have opened the possibility of identifying and using genomic variation and major genes for the genetic improvement of… Read More »Identifying and Incorporating Genetic Markers and Major Genes in Animal Breeding Programmes
The livestock performance testing on individuals and on brothers and sisters is used to determine which animal will be selected for breeding purposes. These male… Read More »Guide to Livestock Performance Testing and Progeny Testing
Animal DNA tests are diagnostic tests that are used to confirm a diagnosis in a patient or animals with symptoms suggesting a particular genetic disease.… Read More »Animal DNA Tests and Segregation Analysis for Genetic Disorders
This article will treat in general the concept of cryopreservation, the steps and techniques as a reproductive tool in farm animal management. Cryopreservation is a… Read More »Cryopreservation Techniques in Farm Animals
The heat (oestrus) period is the time within the oestrous cycle when the female animal stands to be mounted and mated by the male. The… Read More »Heat Detection Methods and Signs in Farm Animals
In this article, you will be studying about sex determination and manipulation in farm livestock, birds and some reptiles. In fact you will learn how… Read More »Animal Sex Determination and Manipulation
The common animal species have a narrow genetic pool due to domestication. In contrast, theirs wild relatives as a result of genetic history and selection… Read More »Determining Associations between Genetic Markers and Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)
Animal segregation analysis is employed to determine whether familial data for particular disorders or other traits are compatible with specific modes of inheritance. Modes of… Read More »Animal Segregation Analysis: Complex Segregation Analysis
Selection: In animal breeding, selection is the process that determines which individuals become parents, how many offspring they produce, and how long they remain in… Read More »Animal Breeding Systems and Selection Methods
The purpose of animal breeding is not to genetically improve individual animals (livestock performance) once an individual is conceived; it is a bit late for… Read More »Selection for Breeding for Improvement of Livestock Performance
Stress in its many forms, such as deprivation of water or food, rough handling, exhaustion due to transporting or trekking over long distances, and mixing… Read More »Humane Slaughter and Meat Quality Management
Specific equipment is employed during the meat cutting operation. The pattern of cutting an animal carcass depends on the animal being processed, as the composition… Read More »Effective Meat Preparation Techniques in Agriculture
Across the globe, countries possess diverse natural resources and capabilities for livestock production, necessitating varied methods to utilize meat products effectively from cattle, goats, sheep,… Read More »Meat Composition and Sterilization Techniques for Food Safety
Meat is animal tissue used as food. Most often it refers to skeletal muscle and associated fat, but it may also refer to non-muscle organs,… Read More »Meat Preservation Techniques in Agriculture
Every operator must provide adequate facilities for the collection of inedible meat products. The registration of blueprints for plant facilities is required for both edible… Read More »Standards for Meat Processing Facilities
Meat, a vital food source, encompasses the edible portion of animals, plants, or seafood containing essential nutrients: water, fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals. Producing… Read More »Concept and Categories of Meat
When meat-processing operations are carried out within a facility specifically built and maintained for meat processing, sources of contamination can be much more easily and… Read More »Sanitary Requirements for Safe Meat Processing and Storage
The procedure of fresh meat production in the tropics is not standard. There should be a standard procedure in all meat processing operations. Biochemical changes… Read More »Attainment of Optimum Quality and Biochemical Changes in Meat
Meat consists primarily of muscular tissue, with amounts of fatty tissue varying not only with the breed, age, sex, and diet of the animal but… Read More »Anatomy, Physiology, and Histology of Domestic Animals for Meat Production
Persons involved in meat handling must adhere to specific regulations to prevent meat contamination and mitigate the negative consequences of improper practices. Prohibited Meats in… Read More »Regulations for Meat Handling in Establishments
Every farmer’s dream is to be successful in his/her farming operations and to make profit through them. Meanwhile, not a lot of farmers tend to… Read More »Complete Step By Step Guide on How to Setup a Successful Farm
Understanding proper cleaning procedures is essential in agricultural environments, as improper methods can damage surfaces and equipment, leading to inefficiencies and costly repairs. This article… Read More »Effective Cleaning Methods for Agricultural Environments
Pests have caused significant damage in the hospitality industry. Understanding how these pests can be controlled is crucial in this article. The reader will learn… Read More »Pest Control in Food Service Establishments
Ensuring that the environment and work surfaces where food is prepared and served are free from germs and harmful microorganisms is critical for food safety.… Read More »Food Safety Through Disinfection and Sterilization
Pathogens are transmitted through vehicles such as water, food, and air. Waterborne disease transmission occurs due to contaminated water resulting from poor sanitation. In many… Read More »Vehicles of Infection in Agriculture: Transmission Pathways
Infectious agents significantly impact human lives by contributing to the rise of infectious diseases. These agents reside in humans, animals, and the environment. Understanding the… Read More »Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases: An Overview
Failure to maintain a clean environment and food preparation area has significantly impacted the ecosystem, leading to increased cases of food poisoning. To mitigate this,… Read More »Importance of Kitchen Hygiene Practices
Safe handling of food products in any food service establishment is critical. Failure by food handlers to understand the practices and principles of handling food… Read More »Principles and Practices for Safe Handling of Food Produce
One of the most widely exchanged commodities on the planet is food, which, if uncontrolled, can pose a serious risk to public safety. Due to… Read More »Food Safety Laws and Regulations in Nigeria
Silage is the process of preservation of chaffed green fodder in anaerobic condition (no air inside the pit / bank / tube) by way of… Read More »Complete Silage Production Guide for Livestock
Mineral Lick Blocks are essential vitamins which contains salt, essential macro and micro trace elements including calcium and phosphorus. It also contains added vitamins required… Read More »Importance of Mineral Licking Blocks in Livestock
Ante-mortem inspection is the examination of food animals prior to slaughter to assess their suitability as a source of product fit for human consumption while… Read More »Ante-Mortem and Post-Mortem Inspection of Food Animals
After a successful disease diagnosis of your livestock animals, obviously the next step is to cure the disease discovered via appropriate treatment regime. The treatment… Read More »Livestock Animals Treatment and General Drug Administration Techniques
Livestock Hygienic/sanitary practices are those measures carried out on the farm which nullify the factors of health deterioration and create conditions to secure health for… Read More »Basic Livestock Hygienic/Sanitary Practices on the Farm
Beverages are potable drinks with thirst-quenching, refreshing, stimulating, and nourishing qualities. Refreshing refers to replenishing fluid loss from the body due to perspiration. Nourishment comes… Read More »Classification of Beverage
Food is a vital element required for human survival. Food intended for human consumption must be secure and free of dangerous microorganisms that might taint… Read More »Definition and Overview of Food Safety
Food safety, as described by Henson and Traill, is the opposite of food risk, or the likelihood of not getting sick after consuming a particular… Read More »Food Safety Practices for Personnel
According to Lawrence, Benjamin, and John (2017), the primary responsibility of government is to protect the health and wellbeing of its citizens. This is achieved… Read More »Overview of Public Health Laws and Hospitality Sanitation
Food borne illness has become a significant issue in society today. It has caused numerous deaths due to the consumption of contaminated food. Foods not… Read More »Meaning and Causes of Food Borne Illness
Improving your livestock grazing is the most important constraints to improve livestock production. For instance: Dairy, Beef and Goat, Piggery and Poultry Production are also… Read More »Recommended Pastures for your Livestock Grazing
Vaccination is an immunization process using biological agents to induce protective effect against known disease agents in animals in order to prevent disease occurrence in… Read More »Vaccination Programs for Different Classes of Livestock and Other Preventive Measures
Animal disease is a deviation from the normal and is revealed by changes in the animal. Any animal that has a disease will show some… Read More »Different Animal Disease Conditions and their Diagnoses
Financial statements are reports that are based on the operation’s accounting records and these reports provide pertinent information on the operation’s activities. Management must be… Read More »Analysis of Financial Statements in Agriculture
Revenue control is an essential management policy that establishes proper oversight of all receipts and receivables, ensuring sound financial management practices. To effectively manage the… Read More »Beverage Revenue Control Systems
It is important to establish beverage control in beverage service operations. The control of beverages is the first step towards ensuring that other control measures… Read More »Effective Methods of Beverage Control
The production of beverages is a critical component of any beverage operation. Failure to establish control in this area can diminish the overall effectiveness of… Read More »Beverage Production Control and Standard Procedures
