General Agriculture

Storage of beverages is an important aspect of beverage operations. It is the responsibility of management to see to the proper organization of the store.… Read More »Beverage Storage and Issuing Procedures

In many establishments, the receiving department is often not considered a critical section. It is typically staffed with individuals who have little or no specialized… Read More »Beverage Receiving Process

The aim of purchasing alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages is to acquire the best quality at the lowest price. The purchasing manager, in collaboration with the… Read More »Objectives and Processes of Beverage Purchasing

Merchandising encompasses methods, practices, and operations designed to promote and sustain specific categories of commercial activity. Broadly, merchandising involves practices that facilitate the sale of… Read More »Beverage Merchandising Methods

Beverage service encompasses the entire process from purchasing a beverage to its delivery and presentation to the customer. It focuses primarily on the effective delivery… Read More »Overview and Strategies for Beverage Service

The success of an ongoing catering operation depends on the operational controls management establishes for monitoring the daily productivity and profitability of the business. We… Read More »Definitions and Categories Beverages

It is very simple, The immune system keeps the animals healthy. All animals and people have immune systems. The job of the immune system is… Read More »What exactly keeps your Animals Healthy? Find Out

There are three general methods of crop improvements and production of hybrid seeds namely: Introduction, Selection, and Hybridization. 1. Introduction This is the act of… Read More »Methods of Crop Improvement and Production of Hybrid Seeds

Consumers have become accustomed over the years to demanding grains with particular qualities. Where consumers are close to the source of the grain, e.g. in… Read More »Quality Characteristics of Grains: Intrinsic and Induced Qualities

The storage of farm produce like crops and other agricultural products for food in periods of scarcity and famine is probably as old as agriculture.… Read More »Guide to Proper Storage of Farm Produce and the Role of Storage in the Economy

Integrated pest management (IPM) can be defined as the acceptable use of practicable measures to minimize, cost-effectively, the losses caused by pests in a particular… Read More »Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in the Control of Storage Insects

Before the various techniques, methods or strategies of controlling or managing rodents are described, the general principles involved need to be discussed. An understanding of… Read More »Proper Guide and Principles of Rodent Control

Rodenticides, whether chronic (i.e. anticoagulants) or acute, are farm poisons and should be treated as such and at all times. Some may be more toxic… Read More »Safety Measures of Handling Farm Poisons

There are three major reasons why rats and mice are considered pests: They consume and damage human foods in the field and in stores. In… Read More »Economic Importance of Rodent Pests and Rodent Species of Post-Harvest Importance

Most countries have developed national standards for their main grain crops. These have evolved to facilitate the movement of grain, providing both sellers and purchasers… Read More »Standardization and Grading of Grains: Advantages and Disadvantages

The budget or annual plan will detail the operational direction of an operational unit and the expected financial results. The techniques used in managerial accounting… Read More »Budgeting for Foodservice Operations

Food and beverage control may be defined as the guidance and regulation of the costs and revenue of operating the catering activity in hotels, restaurants,… Read More »Food and Beverage Control System

We examined how food cost is controlled in article three. In this article, the focus shifts to learning how to achieve beverage cost control. Beverage… Read More »Beverage Cost Control in Food Service

The previous article examined the elements and components of cost in food and beverage operations. This article explores the relationship between revenue, costs, and profits… Read More »Food and Beverage Pricing in Agricultural Operations

The previous article examined the relationship between revenue, costs, and pricing, along with the main pricing methods used in food and beverage service operations. This… Read More »Fundamentals of Food Cost Control in Hospitality

The previous article explored various types of beverages, their processing, and preparation. This article focuses on the concept of “cost,” its elements, and components in… Read More »Understanding Costing in Food and Beverage Operations

We discussed how to compile different types of menus in the previous article. In this article, we shall study the different types of beverages and… Read More »Beverages in Agriculture: Types, Processing, and Preparation

A menu or a bill of fare is a list of prepared dishes of food which are available to a customer. The compiling of a… Read More »Introduction to Menu Compilation in Catering

The meal/drink experience means different things to different people, and different establishments offer varied services in terms of prices, level of service, and menu extent.… Read More »The Meal and Drink Experience in Agricultural Contexts

A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared food to customers. Service is generally for eating on premises, though the term has been used… Read More »Restaurants and Their Role in Agricultural Food Systems

Environmental policy is the commitment of an organization or government to the laws, regulations, and other policy mechanisms concerning environmental issues. These issues generally include… Read More »Environmental Policies and the Future of Food Additives in Agriculture

The Food and Beverage (F&B) Department is responsible for maintaining high quality of food and service, food costing, and managing restaurants, bars, and other outlets.… Read More »Overview of Food and Beverage Management in Hospitality

Air pollution is the contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the… Read More »Air Pollution and Its Impact on Agriculture

Water pollution refers to the contamination or pollution of water bodies or their sources, which usually occurs as a result of human activities. Understanding Land… Read More »Water and Land Pollution in Agriculture

The processing industries are a part of our environment and are often major generators of waste. Since the existing environment within which they operate is… Read More »Food Processing Contaminants and Their Environmental Impact

The following are the major factors affecting mechanized harvesting of field crops; 1. Cropping and Farming Systems Previous analyses of the cropping and farming systems… Read More »Six (6) Factors Affecting Mechanized Harvesting Of Field Crops

Harvesting constitutes a major operation among agricultural activities including field crops. Considered for a long time as the last step in production, it can also… Read More »Methods of Harvesting and Processing of Field Crops

Crop improvement will always be an important aspect of agricultural industry because crop products are essential to the existence of man. In the past, new… Read More »Methods of Crop Improvement and Production of Hybrid Seed

We’ll be sharing accommodating recommendations on sharks botanically known as Selachimorpha in this article. If you’re not a fan of sharks, we are beyond any doubt that by going through this article you… Read More »11 Surprising Facts About Sharks (Selachimorpha)

Packaging is an indispensable element in the food manufacturing process. Nowadays, plastics are used preferentially for packaging foodstuffs. They are capable of retarding and sometimes… Read More »Overview of Packaging Materials in Agricultural Food Systems

Antivitamins are substances that inhibit the biological function of a genuine vitamin. Some antivitamins have a similar chemical structure to those of the actual vitamins… Read More »Types and Processes for Mitigating Antinutrients in Agricultural Food Systems

This article continues the exploration of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), focusing on industrial chemicals and by-products, their impact on agriculture, and their implications for food… Read More »Persistent Organic Pollutants in Agricultural Systems: Industrial Chemicals and By-Products

Antinutrients are natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Nutrition studies focus on antinutrients commonly found in food sources and beverages.… Read More »Understanding Antinutrients in Agricultural Food Systems

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), sometimes known as “forever chemicals,” are organic compounds resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. These toxic chemicals… Read More »Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Agriculture

The scientific identification name of the tiger is Panthera tigris often abbreviated as P. t., It is one of five species in the Panthera genus,… Read More »Tiger: Species, Sub-species, Feeding, Habitat and More

There is an increasing interest in farming and land is the most important item in that regard. Therefore, site selection for farming purposes is a… Read More »7 Factors to Consider before Setting Up your Farming Business

Chemical food preservatives are substances that, under certain conditions, delay the growth of microorganisms without necessarily destroying them or prevent deterioration of quality during manufacture… Read More »Chemical Preservatives in Agricultural Food Processing: Antibrowning, Emulsifiers, Sequestering, and Buffering Agents

Environmental contaminants are chemicals that accidentally or deliberately enter the environment, often, but not always, as a result of human activities. In this article we… Read More »Overview of Chemical Contaminants in Agriculture

Natural toxins are toxin compounds that are naturally produced by living organisms. These toxins are not harmful to the organisms themselves but may be toxic… Read More »Understanding Naturally Occurring Microbial Toxins in Agriculture

In the previous article, naturally occurring toxins were examined, focusing on microbial toxins, specifically algae and fungal toxins. In this article, the exploration continues with… Read More »Naturally Occurring Toxins in Agricultural Systems: Bacterial and Plant Toxins

Preservatives are a type of food additives added to food to prolong shelf life and prevent breakdown by microorganisms. Mold, bacteria, and yeast, which cause… Read More »Food Preservatives as Additives in Agriculture

Food colouring, or colour additive, is any dye, pigment, or substance that imparts colour when it is added to food or drink. They come in… Read More »Overview of Food Colorants in Agriculture

Flavour enhancers are used to bring out the flavour in a wide range of foods without adding a flavour of their own. The concept of… Read More »Flavour Enhancers and Sweeteners in Agricultural Food Systems

Flavour is the summation of sensations induced by chemical compounds present in what is eaten and drunk, in equilibrium at the time of consumption. Flavours… Read More »Understanding Flavouring Agents in Food Production

Fatty acids are organic acids produced by the hydrolysis of neutral fats and oils (i.e., lipids). Essential fatty acids, like essential amino acids, cannot be… Read More »Essential Fatty Acids as Agricultural Food Additives

Amino acids are products of the hydrolysis and digestion of proteins. Amino acids are used mainly by the body for growth and development through the… Read More »Nutritive Additives in Agriculture: Amino Acids and Minerals

Monkeys are banana-loving animals they are very aggressive and annoying. They are known for their naughty acts, although they play a lot at the same… Read More »Monkeys: Species and Rare Interesting Facts

A treatise on food additives would be incomplete without a discussion of the risks and benefits associated with their use. Any risks associated with the… Read More »Risks and Benefits of Food Additives in Agricultural Product Processing

The term nutritional additives refers to the addition of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, and other pure chemical compounds to food to improve or… Read More »Nutritive Additives: Enhancing Food Quality with Vitamins in Agriculture

Food, derived from agricultural produce, is a major determinant of health, nutritional status, and productivity of the population. It is, therefore, essential that the food… Read More »Important Issues in Food Safety and Quality in Agriculture

Food additives are specialized chemicals intentionally added to foods, intended to remain in the product at the time of consumption. Both international organizations and national… Read More »Food Additive Intake Assessment and Regulatory Frameworks in Agriculture

The Food Protection Committee of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) defined food additives as substances or mixtures of substances, other than a basic foodstuff,… Read More »Overview of Food Additives in Agricultural Food Production

There are things not to do when the animal is giving birth in your farm regardless of the animal involved, this is what we will… Read More »Things NOT to do when the animal is giving birth

The food and beverage sector, closely tied to agricultural products like crops and livestock, is a unique area where basic technical skills significantly influence profitability… Read More »Basic Technical Skills for Food and Beverage Service

In any business organization, staff members are usually encouraged to undergo training with a view to enhancing good quality output, mental alertness, and profitability. In… Read More »Staff Development in Food Service for Agricultural Product Processing

This article examines the various staff roles that constitute the food service industry, critical to supporting agricultural product distribution. The functions of these staff members… Read More »Staffing Structure in the Food Service Industry

In any bar operation within establishments utilizing agricultural products, mastering basic technical skills for serving drinks and wines is essential. The cocktail or dispense bar… Read More »Fundamentals of Alcoholic Beverage Service in Agricultural Hospitality

Different categories of staff work in any bar operation service. Each of these staff members has specific functions. Such staff include the bar person, still… Read More »Roles and Responsibilities of Staff in Bar Operations

Beverages, including drinks and wines, are generally listed in bar operations in various ways. It is therefore necessary to be conversant with the methods of… Read More »Beverage Lists in Bar Operations

It is a common phenomenon for wines and other alcoholic drinks to be sold and served in any food service area. This article examines the… Read More »Understanding the Dispense Bar in Food and Beverage Service

Various sectors exist within the food and beverage industry, each contributing to agricultural supply chains by providing food, fast foods, and drinks. A deep understanding… Read More »Overview of Food and Beverage Sectors in Agriculture

In the food industry, particularly within agriculture-driven establishments, understanding food and beverage service is critical. Knowledge of requirements for success in this field is essential.… Read More »Overview of Food and Beverage Service

We as a whole realize that snakes are not special creatures, and they are not valued all of the time. Indeed, ideally, that is beginning… Read More »Are Snakes Good or Bad and What Do Snakes Eat? Find Out

Have you seen lions before? Our affection for Africa is exemplified in our name and mascot. As far as we might be concerned, nothing catches… Read More »Lions: 9 Outstanding Realities About Lions

Soil and water conservation are activities that maintain or enhance the productive capacity of land in areas affected by or prone to soil erosion. Soil… Read More »Soil and Water Conservation in Agriculture

Soil analysis is a diagnostic instrument for soil fertility and basis for fertilizer recommendation; to know where and where not fertilizer is to be applied.… Read More »Soil Sampling and Analysis for Agricultural Fertility

An agro-meteorological station (weather station) is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for… Read More »Overview of Agro-Meteorological Stations in Agriculture

The key atmospheric variables that impact crops are solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation. The day-to-day variability of these across the landscape can be… Read More »Crop Phenology and Climate Effects on Agriculture

Observations of the physical and biological elements in the environment are essential in agricultural meteorology. Meteorological considerations are indispensable in assessing the performance of plants… Read More »Agricultural Meteorology: Elements and Their Observations

Soil fertility is the capacity to receive, store, and transmit energy to support plant growth. It is the component of overall soil productivity that deals… Read More »Identification of Mineral Deficiency Symptoms in Plants

Most people know what fertilizers are, as they are commonly seen in retail shops. A fertilizer is any material that supplies plants with the essential… Read More »Understanding Fertilizers in Agriculture

Soil classification deals with the systematic categorisation of soils based on distinguishing characteristics as well as criteria that dictate choices in use. Soil classification is… Read More »Understanding Soil Classification in Nigerian Agriculture

A fertile soil must supply adequate nutrients, be of good physical condition, and hold enough water so that the nutrients in the soil will be… Read More »Management of Nigerian Soils in Agriculture

Soils are structural and functional elements of terrestrial ecosystems, which are formed in a historical process of development through the interaction of geological, climatic, and… Read More »Soil Profile Characteristics in Nigerian Agriculture

A soil survey describes the characteristics of the soils in a given area, classifies the soils according to a standard system of classification, plots the… Read More »Soil Survey and Profile Description in Agriculture

Nigerian soils are a mixture of different components: rocks, minerals, and dead, decaying plants and animals. Soil can be very different from one location to… Read More »Composition and Characteristics of Nigerian Soils

Nigeria is situated entirely within the tropical zone, located between latitudes 4° and 14° North of the Equator and longitudes 3° and 15° East. It… Read More »Nigerian Soils and Agricultural Systems

Soil classification deals with the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing characteristics as well as criteria that dictate choices in agricultural use. Understanding Soil… Read More »Soil Classification in Agriculture

A soil mapping article is a collection of areas defined and named the same in terms of their soil components or miscellaneous areas or both.… Read More »Understanding Soil Mapping in Agriculture

This article discusses the concept of the food and beverage industry, focusing on its types, composition, trends, and historical development within the context of agriculture.… Read More »Overview of the Food and Beverage Industry in Agriculture

Knowledge about foods and beverages is essential in the agricultural and food industry. Adequate understanding of food and beverage helps provide insights into their nutritional… Read More »Basic Definition of Foods and Beverages in Agriculture

As one drives, rides in a car, takes a train or plane, rides a bike, or goes for a nature walk, spectacular and varied landscapes… Read More »Weathering of Rocks and Minerals in Agricultural Landscapes

Soils are a mixture of different things: rocks, minerals, and dead, decaying plants and animals. Soil can be very different from one location to another,… Read More »Understanding Soil Components in Agriculture

Although many overlook the ground beneath or the soil walked on daily, soil remains a critical resource. Processes spanning thousands of years create small amounts… Read More »Soil-Forming Rocks and Their Role in Agriculture

Soil morphology encompasses the field-observable attributes of the soil within various soil horizons and the description of the kind and arrangement of these horizons. C.F.… Read More »Soil Morphology and Its Role in Agricultural Soil Management