The type of germination exhibited by the seeds (seed emergence) of a species influences their ability to emerge from great depths. Seeds with epigeal germination… Read More »Types of Seed Germination, Seed Emergence and Seedling Vigour
Seeds and other planting materials are the basic foundation upon which successful crop production is laid. Failure in the choice of correct seeds, seed storage,… Read More »Seeds Sowing and Planting Practices
Pest identification is the first step in any pest management situation. Accurate identification is the most important step, as misidentification is a common cause of… Read More »Identification of Insect Warning Signs, Pest Management and Disease Symptoms in Agriculture
This article explains the concept of food security and food insecurity in relation to the rural community food system. It also presents food insecurity measurement… Read More »Concept of Food Security and Food Insecurity in Agriculture
The food system encompasses food, nutrition, health, community economic development, and agriculture. It includes all processes involved in keeping people fed. These processes include growing,… Read More »Concept of Food System in Agriculture
Plant disease is any abnormal condition that damages a plant and reduces its productivity or usefulness to man. A diseased plant or group of diseased… Read More »Determination Of Disease Incidence and Severity In Agricultural Crops
The concept of sustainable livelihood was first introduced by the Brundtland Commission on Environment and Development, and the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and… Read More »Concept of Sustainable Livelihood in Agriculture
This article explores the agricultural relevance of food security, poverty, and famine, including their interrelationship. It explains their implications on national development, economic sustainability, and… Read More »Food Security, Poverty and Famine in Agriculture
All pesticides are poisonous. Extra care must be taken to prevent poisoning of the applicator and to avoid environmental damage. Harm to both humans and… Read More »Safety Precautions and First Aid Demonstration in Pesticide Poisoning in Agriculture
This article explains the concept of sustainable development in relation to agricultural practices, food production, environmental preservation, and economic stability. It highlights the growing demand… Read More »Concept of Sustainable Development in Agriculture
A plant disease is an impairment of the normal state of a plant, as it modifies or interrupts its vital functions. Crop diseases are common… Read More »Preparation of A Disease Album In Crop Production
Farm tools are work implements frequently used for farm operations. These operational tools are prone to wear and tear, which should be maintained, repaired, or… Read More »Farm Tools and Sanitation In Agricultural Operations
Animal husbandry which is referred to as the raising of any kind of farm animals for the purpose of meat or egg production is without… Read More »4 Stress-Free Farm Animals (Animal Husbandry) to Raise with Low Start-Up Cost
Neem leaves also called Dogoyaro in Nigeria is one wonderful Gift from Nature whose use transcends several fields like: medicine & healthcare, culinary, agriculture, beauty… Read More »How to Make Neem Insecticide from Neem Leaves (Dogoyaro)
With regards to fungal diseases in plants, Fungi are responsible for approximately two-third of the infectious plant diseases. There are many plant diseases caused by… Read More »What are Fungal Diseases in Plants?
Pesticides are not sold in pure form due to their high toxicity and are diluted with carriers to minimize poisoning risks to applicators and the… Read More »Pesticide Dosage Calculation and Application in Agriculture
Calibrating a knapsack or compression sprayer is a straightforward task requiring minimal time. A sprayer equipped with a pressure gauge is preferable, as it ensures… Read More »Calibration of Sprayers for Efficient Agricultural Pesticide Application
Farmers procure pesticides for specific purposes on their farms. Achieving these purposes requires accurate pesticide dosage calculations, selection of the appropriate sprayer, and careful calibration,… Read More »Application of Chemicals and Operation of Sprayers in Agriculture
In agriculture and horticulture, seed treatment or seed dressing involves applying a chemical, typically antimicrobial or fungicidal, to seeds before planting. Insecticides are less frequently… Read More »Seed Dressing Techniques for Enhanced Agricultural Productivity
Grass serves as a vital feed for livestock, provided as fresh grass, dried grass, or processed and fermented grass (silage). This article explores equipment used… Read More »Mowers and Rakes for Forage Management in Agriculture
Grain drills and planters, regardless of type, operate on the same basic principles. Seed is stored in a hopper, and a mechanism driven by ground… Read More »Row Crop Planters and Grain Drills in Agricultural Planting
Tillage of soil ranks among the most challenging farm operations, making the selection of tillage implements for seedbed preparation and weed control critical. This selection… Read More »Tillage Requirements and Implement Selection in Agriculture
Electrical and electronic systems have evolved significantly, becoming integral to modern off-road vehicles used in agriculture. A typical off-road vehicle features an electrical system with… Read More »Tractor Electrical System in Modern Agriculture
The power transmission system represents the final stage of engine-generated power before it reaches the wheels. This system couples the engine and wheels, driving and… Read More »Tractor Transmission System in Agriculture
To determine fertilizer needs for crops and soils in your locality, farm or place of work, you must know two things: first is the status… Read More »Guide on How to Determine Fertilizer Needs
To achieve maximum benefit from fertilizers, it is most essential to apply them at the right time and in the right place. The amount and… Read More »The Best Time and Methods of Fertilizer Application
The amount of fertilizer to be applied per hectare on a given field is determined by the following: The amount of nutrients needed by plant… Read More »Guide on Calculating the Rate of Fertilizer to Be Applied
The following are the functions of fertilizer nutrients in the soil and plant according to each fertilizer nutrient compositions in forms of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus… Read More »Functions of Fertilizer Nutrients in the Soil and Plants
Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for timely field operations for increasing production and productivity of land. Farm power is used for operating… Read More »Importance of Farm Power Sources in Agricultural Productivity
Meat is the general term used to explain the edible part of animal tissue and several processed or manufactured products ready from these tissues. The… Read More »Overview of Meat Processing Equipment in Agricultural Food Production
Milk is necessary for both infants and children and is a most important food for adults. In fact, it is essential for the welfare of… Read More »Significance of Milk and Milk Handling Equipment in Dairy Farming
The means of feed and drink supply are specific to each species. They should be adapted to the height of the animals so that they… Read More »Overview of Feeding and Watering Equipment in Livestock and Poultry Farming
Heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel generates heat. This heat… Read More »Role of Internal Combustion Engines in Agricultural Mechanization
To achieve optimum performance from birds, it is extremely important to provide fresh and clean drinking water. For this, water must be available reliably, free… Read More »Importance of Automatic Drinkers in Poultry Farming
Conveyors are mechanical devices or assemblies used for material handling and transporting material from one location to another with minimal effort. Conveyors are mostly useful… Read More »Overview of Automatic Conveyors in Agricultural Material Handling
Water constitutes a vital component to sustain plant growth, and it may need to be collected from various sources (like canals, wells, and ponds), so… Read More »Role of Water Lifting Devices and Irrigation Equipment in Water Management
Zingiberaceae (700 sp.). Leaves distichous, sheathing, and with a distinct ligule. Perianth of 6 segments in 2 whorls, generally distinguishable into calyx and corolla. Stamens… Read More »Botanical Characteristics of the Zingiberaceae Family in Agriculture
Habit: Herbs, shrubs, and trees. Leaves simple, alternate, and palmately-veined; stipules 2, free lateral. Flowers regular, poly-petalous, bisexual, hypogynous, copiously mucilaginous, with a whorl of… Read More »Botanical Characteristics of the Malvaceae Family in Agriculture
According to the World Bank’s population projections, the world’s population will increase from 6 billion people in 1999 to 7 billion in 2020. All these… Read More »Fertilizers: Their Roles, Importance and Uses
Agriculture employs most of Africa’s population and contributes significantly to GDP. Despite its importance, agriculture remains underdeveloped in many African countries, with high potential for… Read More »Role of Agricultural Mechanization in African Farming
Harvesting equipment is designed to handle diverse crops, some harvested above ground (e.g., cereals like wheat, sorghum, millet) and others below ground (e.g., groundnut, cassava,… Read More »Harvesting and Processing Equipment in Agriculture
Crop production involves operations like seedbed preparation, seeding, fertilizing, spraying, dusting, irrigation, harvesting, and threshing. Agricultural machines enhance land and labor productivity by ensuring timely… Read More »Farm Machinery for Tillage in Crop Production
Once a seed germinates in the field, its development into a mature plant, fruit, or harvested and stored crop is not guaranteed. The plant faces… Read More »Crop Protection Equipment in Agricultural Practices
Cropping system is not only interested in the types of crops grown, but also on how those crops are distributed on the field at any… Read More »Cropping Systems Definition and Methods
There are two major methods of classifying crops plants: Botanical classification of crops which is based on the morphological similarity of plants parts and the… Read More »Classification of Crops: Botanical and Economic Classification
Crop production began at least nine thousand (9000) years ago when domestication of plants became essential to supplement natural supplies in certain localities. Early man… Read More »Origin, Spread, and Historical Development of Crop Production
Pesticide residues refer to pesticides detectable in or on locations other than their intended target, such as freshwater reservoirs, streambed sediments, and harvested food. High… Read More »Understanding Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Produce
Pesticides can enter the body through inhalation of aerosols, dust, and vapor containing pesticides; through oral exposure by consuming contaminated food or water; and through… Read More »Impact of Pesticides on Human Health in Agriculture
Food, more essential than shelter or clothing, provides nutrients for growth, maintenance, repair, and reproduction. Food security remains a major concern for developing countries like… Read More »Pesticide Residue Decline in Agricultural Produce
A pesticide poisoning occurs when chemicals intended to control pests affect non-target organisms such as humans, wildlife, or bees. Three types of pesticide poisoning exist.… Read More »Understanding Pesticide Poisoning in Agriculture
Chemicals are widely used for controlling diseases, insects, and weeds in crops. They can save crops from pest attacks only when applied timely. These chemicals… Read More »Pesticide Application Equipment in Agriculture
Castor oil processing involves a series of steps that are used to extract oil from castor seeds. Castor oil is a vegetable oil that is… Read More »Guide on Castor Oil Processing, Health Benefits and Uses
Crops under irrigation need water, but when water is applied incorrectly, it could lead to nutrient leaching, soil erosion, or accumulation of salt in the… Read More »Irrigation Scheduling in Agriculture
Biological diversity has been defined by the World Wildlife Fund as “the wealth of life on earth, the millions of plants, animals, and microorganisms, the… Read More »Bio-Resource Legislation in Agriculture and Biodiversity Management
Despite increased food production from technological advances in agriculture, substantial quantities of harvested food are lost due to inadequate protection of stored products. According to… Read More »Fundamentals of Pesticide Application for Field Pest Management
Treatment of sick animals is carried out only after a diagnosis has been made of the condition affecting the animal. Treatment can involve the application… Read More »Ways for Treatment of Livestock Diseases
The choice of insecticide concentration, type, and frequency of application depends on various factors, such as the pest species present, storage facility type, storage duration,… Read More »Effective Application Techniques for Stored-Product Pest Control
Shea butter processing refers to the various methods used to extract the butter from the nuts of the African shea tree. The process typically involves… Read More »Guide on Shea Butter Processing, Health Benefits and Uses
Droplet size is highly important if pesticides are to be applied efficiently with minimal environmental contamination. Pesticidal sprays are generally classified according to droplet size.… Read More »Importance of Droplet Size in Pesticide Application
Despite increased food production from agricultural advancements, significant quantities of harvested food are lost due to inadequate protection of stored products. An FAO estimate indicates… Read More »Principles of Pesticide Application for Stored Agricultural Produce Protection
A pesticide is any substance used to control pests, such as target insects, vegetation, or fungi, typically by poisoning them. Unfortunately, pesticides can also be… Read More »Toxicology of Pesticides in Agricultural Pest Management
Agriculture involves cultivating crops and raising livestock to provide food for humans and animals, supply raw materials for industries, and market agricultural produce. It remains… Read More »Understanding Stored Agricultural Produce and Its Importance
Harvested produce represents the culmination of farmers’ efforts in maintaining crops in the field. Thus, it must be stored for some time before consumption During… Read More »Pests Threatening Stored Agricultural Produce
Storage is the act of preserving commodities in a safe place for future use. Agricultural produce is preserved over a certain period to serve as… Read More »Preservation Methods and Structures for Stored Agricultural Produce
The widespread concern regarding synthetic pesticides in agriculture cannot overshadow their necessity, nor is a rapid decline in their use anticipated, making consumer protection and… Read More »Role of Pesticides in Integrated Pest Management for Crop Protection
The selection of insecticides for treating edible commodities is primarily based on toxicological data (low mammalian toxicity), effectiveness, persistence under specific storage conditions, and absence… Read More »Major Pesticide Groups for Stored Agricultural Produce Protection
Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is… Read More »The Definition and 21 Amazing Importance of Forestry
In this article, we shall be looking at the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. The xylem tissue is responsible for the transportation of water… Read More »The Vascular Cambium and the Cork Cambium
In this article, we shall be looking at the vascular elements in seed plants. Vascular elements are basically made up of the Xylem and Phloem,… Read More »Xylem and Phloem
In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the… Read More »Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants: The Root
A leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat (laminar) and thin. There is continued debate… Read More »Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants: The Leaf
In this article, we shall be looking at the morphological and anatomical forms of seed plants, especially the flowering plants. Plant Morphology or Phytomorphology is… Read More »Vegetative Structure of Seed Plants: The Stem
Angiosperms are flowering plants. They are the largest group of plants with about 90% of all plant species. They evolved from gymnosperms during the Mesozoic… Read More »Reproduction in Angiosperms
In this article, generally, we shall be considering the life cycle of seed plants, the mode of reproduction in gymnosperms and angiosperms. In this article,… Read More »Reproductions in Gymnosperms
Fossil Record of Seed Plants: Today, the seed plants are some of the most important organisms on earth. Life on land as we know it… Read More »The Origin and Evolution of Seed Plants
The spermatophytes, which mean “seed plants”, are some of the most important organisms on Earth. Life on land as we know it, is shaped largely… Read More »Introduction to Spermatophyte
There are different types of range fencing/fences and the most effective and long lasting fences are planned with correct layout and built with appropriate material… Read More »Range Fencing Complete Guide and Its Importance
Artificial Insemination (A.I) is the preferred method of introducing superior genes from individuals free of specific disease and thereby improving the production of offspring. AI… Read More »Artificial Insemination Complete Guide
Hoof trimming is an essential part of sheep and goat management. Flocks should be checked on a regular basis for hoof growth. Keeping hooves short… Read More »Proper Hoof Trimming Complete Guide
Forages can be conserved to feed livestock during periods of shortage caused by limited pasture growth or inadequate pasture conditions, or fed as a supplement.… Read More »Forage Conservation for Animal Feeds and Feeding
In pasture production, the rate of growth of forages in a pasture is directly related to how well the pasture has been managed, not only… Read More »Pasture Production and Management Guide
Silage is the final product when forage of sufficient moisture (> ~50%) is conserved and stored anaerobically (oxygen-free), under conditions that encourage fermentation of sugars… Read More »Silage Conservation for Animal Feeds and Feeding
Wild bunny rescue refers to the act of rescuing a wild rabbit, typically a young or injured one, and providing it with necessary care and… Read More »History, Importance and Development of the Wild Bunny Rescue
Bird rehabilitation refers to the process of providing medical care, shelter, and nutrition to injured, sick, or orphaned birds in order to help them recover… Read More »All you need to know about Bird Rehabilitation
A local bird rescue is an organization or group that helps to rescue, rehabilitate, and release injured or abandoned birds in a particular area. These… Read More »Local Bird Rescue Guide
Making money from an agricultural business requires some experience in developing a business. Before you decide on an idea, create a business plan that includes… Read More »41 Top Agricultural Business Ideas with Small StartUp
Wild animal adoption is the process of supporting and caring for a wild animal that is living in captivity, often in a sanctuary or rescue… Read More »Wild Animal Adoption Guide
Agricultural produce preservation relies on various packaging types, including flexible packaging like bags and pouches, primary packaging directly contacting the product, secondary packaging holding multiple units,… Read More »Types of Packaging in Agricultural Produce Preservation
In traditional food preparation, sweet cassava, cocoyam, sweet potato, and yam are often wasted. These are peeled and covered with cold water for boiling either… Read More »Traditional Boiling Methods for Roots and Tubers in Agriculture
Losses occur at all stages from the field to the consumer’s table. Losses happen during harvest, transportation to markets, and processing. At each stage, various… Read More »Problems Associated with Indigenous Traditional Storage of Roots and Tubers
