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For your gardens to continue to bloom, a landscape management program that includes fertilization, proper watering, staking, pruning, mulching, weed prevention and insect control goes… Read More »7 Ways to Boost the Bloom in Your Grow Garden

Ante-mortem inspection is the examination of food animals before slaughter to assess their suitability for human consumption. Post-mortem inspection involves examining carcasses and organs to… Read More »Inspection of Animals Before and After Slaughter

After a successful disease diagnosis, the next step is to cure the disease using an appropriate treatment regimen. The recommended treatment depends on the type… Read More »Treatment and General Drug Administration Techniques in Livestock

Vaccination is an immunization process that uses biological agents to induce protective effects against known disease agents in animals, aiming to prevent disease occurrences. However,… Read More »Vaccination Programs for Different Classes of Livestock and Other Preventive Measures

Hygienic and sanitary practices are essential measures carried out on the farm to eliminate factors that deteriorate animal health and to create conditions that ensure… Read More »Basic Livestock Hygienic and Sanitary Practices on the Farm

Disease is a deviation from normal health and is revealed by changes in the animal. Any animal that has a disease will show some form… Read More »Disease Conditions and Diagnoses in Livestock

Apart from aesthetic and fancier interests, animal breeding is primarily an economic undertaking. Therefore, breeding goals and programmes must be determined with proper consideration of… Read More »Terms and Objectives of Animal Breeding

The roles of enzymes and hormones in life cannot be overemphasized. There is no anabolic or catabolic reaction in living organisms that is not mediated… Read More »Classification and Function Of Enzymes and Hormones

Vitamins, whether obtained from dietary sources or synthesized, play crucial roles in human and livestock health. Their significance is evident in the discovery of deficiency… Read More »Functions of Vitamins and Coenzymes

This article addresses the quantification of genetic influence on phenotypic traits in animals. Phenotypes are directly observable and measurable, and hereditary factors are inferred when… Read More »Heritability in Animal Breeding

Repeatability is a concept closely related to heritability, as the same gene or combination of genes influences the successive expressions of a trait. Repeatability should… Read More »Repeatability in Animal Breeding

In genetics, traits are classified into two groups based on their mode of inheritance and their effects on an organism’s phenotype: qualitative and quantitative traits.… Read More »Qualitative and Quantitative Traits and Their Inheritance in Animal Breeding

The assessment of most animal species reveals phenotypic differences between individuals. For example, in cattle, there are noticeable differences in coat color and the presence… Read More »Variations in Animal Population and Their Implications in Breeding

To study an animal population, a statistical description of the population is required. This description, in its simplest form, consists of a measure of central… Read More »Measurements of Variation in Plant and Animals Population

Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism’s cells and pass genetic traits to offspring. However, some genes are incompatible with life and… Read More »Types of Genes

Within a population, sexual reproduction enhances genetic diversity because the genetic material of offspring comes from two sources. For most species of animals and some… Read More »Sex Determination Mechanism in Animals and Plants